Lanthanide based nanoprobe with high efficient down-shifting second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) emission has emerged as a promising agent for tumor-associated vascular visualization. However, most of the developed lanthanide-based NIR-II-emissive probes are activated by 980 nm laser, leading to the concern of biological overheating effect. Herein, the high quality 808 nm laser activated NaYF₄:Gd/Yb/Er/Nd/Ce@NaYF₄:Nd core-shell nanoprobes with significantly improved NIR-II emission beyond 1500 nm and eliminated overheating effect were developed for imaging-guided resection surgery of tumor and vascular visualization./nMethods: The core-shell nanoprobe with boosted NIR-II emission and eliminated heating effect was achieved with combination of Nd-sensitizing and Ce-doping strategies. The NIR-II optical imaging and toxicity assessment were demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro experiments./nResults: The designed core-shell nanoprobe presented superior NIR-II emission beyond 1500 nm than the core only nanoparticle and NIR-II emission intensity was improved up to 11.0 times by further suppressing the upconversion (UC) pathway through doping Ce³⁺. More importantly, non-invasive tumor vascular imaging and NIR-II optical imaging-guided surgical resection of tumor were successfully achieved./nConclusion: It is expected that the Nd-sensitized lanthanide-based nanoprobe with significant improvement in NIR-II emission and eliminated overheating effect is a highly promising probe for NIR-II imaging, making it more competitive in non-invasive vascular imaging and imaging-guided tumor resection surgery.

中文翻译：

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808 nm 光触发镧系纳米探针，具有超过 1500 nm 的增强下移发射，用于肿瘤和血管可视化的成像引导切除手术。

具有高效下移第二近红外（NIR-II，1000-1700 nm）发射的基于镧系元素的纳米探针已成为肿瘤相关血管可视化的有前途的试剂。然而，大多数已开发的基于镧系元素的 NIR-II 发射探针都是由 980 nm 激光激活的，导致人们担心生物过热效应。在此，开发了高质量的808 nm激光激活NaYF ₄ :Gd/Yb/Er/Nd/Ce@NaYF ₄ :Nd核壳纳米探针，其在1500 nm以上的NIR-II发射显着改善，并消除了过热效应，用于成像引导肿瘤切除手术和血管可视化。/n方法：通过结合 Nd 敏化和 Ce 掺杂策略，实现了具有增强 NIR-II 发射和消除热效应的核壳纳米探针。通过体内和体外实验证明了 NIR-II 光学成像和毒性评估。/n结果：设计的核-壳纳米探针在 1500 nm 范围内表现出比仅核心纳米颗粒更优异的 NIR-II 发射，并且 NIR-II 发射强度为通过掺杂 Ce ³⁺进一步抑制上转换（UC）途径，性能提高了 11.0 倍。更重要的是，成功实现了非侵入性肿瘤血管成像和NIR-II光学成像引导的肿瘤手术切除。/n结论：Nd敏化稀土基纳米探针有望在NIR-II发射和NIR-II发射方面具有显着改善。消除过热效应是一种非常有前途的NIR-II成像探针，使其在无创血管成像和成像引导肿瘤切除手术中更具竞争力。