The overuse of antibiotics in livestock contributes to the antibiotic resistance pandemic. The assessment of the actual antibiotic consumption is crucial in limiting the expansion of the problem effectively. The aim of this study was to provide the first qualitative and quantitative analysis of antimicrobial usage using data from paper-based registers on dairy and beef farms located in the Umbria region, Italy. Antimicrobial therapies of a one-year period were collected from 101 farms with at least 50 cattle each. Defined daily doses (DDD_vet) and defined course doses (DCD_vet) were calculated per administration route and antimicrobial class. The total courses administered were fewer in beef (330.7 × 10⁻³ DCD_vet/year) than in dairy farms (1034.1 × 10⁻³ DCD_vet/year). The use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) was higher (p = 0.0033) in dairy than in beef herds. In terms of DDD_vet, the parenteral fluoroquinolone administration ranked second and fourth on dairy and beef farms, respectively; the consumption of beta-lactams was ten times higher on dairy than on beef farms. Our results confirm that intensive dairy management practices are associated with increased antibiotic consumption and highlight the necessity to strengthen the existing stewardship programs by involving all stakeholders in effective antimicrobial resistance reduction plans.

中文翻译：

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基于纸质登记的意大利中部奶牛场和肉牛场的抗生素消耗量。

牲畜过度使用抗生素导致抗生素耐药性大流行。对实际抗生素消耗量的评估对于有效限制问题的扩大至关重要。本研究的目的是利用意大利翁布里亚地区奶牛场和牛肉场纸质登记册的数据，对抗菌药物的使用情况进行首次定性和定量分析。从 101 个农场（每个农场至少有 50 头牛）收集了为期一年的抗菌疗法。根据给药途径和抗菌类别计算规定的日剂量 (DDD _vet ) 和规定的疗程剂量 (DCD _vet )。牛肉的总课程数（330.7 × 10 ^-3 DCD_兽医/年）少于奶牛场（1034.1 × 10 ^-3 DCD_兽医/年）。乳制品中最重要的抗菌药物 (HPCIA) 的使用率高于肉牛群( p = 0.0033)。_在DDD兽医方面，注射用氟喹诺酮类药物在奶牛场和肉牛场分别排名第二和第四；奶牛场的β-内酰胺消耗量是肉牛场的十倍。我们的结果证实，集约化乳制品管理实践与抗生素消耗量增加有关，并强调有必要通过让所有利益相关者参与有效的抗菌素耐药性减少计划来加强现有的管理计划。