Abstract Nuclear and radiological accidents can result in internal exposures of workers (including first responders) and general population. For this reason it is necessary precise and rapid methods are developed in order to ensure capabilities for monitoring and dose assessments of internally contaminated persons. The Whole Body Counter (WBC) of the Center for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT) in Madrid, Spain, has implemented techniques to determine radioiodine in the thyroid and gamma emitters throughout the body of various age groups of children and adults. In addition, the WBC laboratory has developed a new in vivo calibration and measurement method with germanium detectors in case of contamination of gamma emitting radionuclides in wounds at different depths. Two detection systems have been calibrated accordingly: a Fastscan counter, consisting of two NaI(Tl) detectors, and a low-energy germanium (LEGe) detection system (four detectors), which is highly efficient at low gamma energies. A family of Lucite thyroid neck phantoms for children and adults was designed and manufactured at CIEMAT for thyroid calibration purposes. A set of whole-body phantoms of the BOMAB type was fabricated with polyethylene, and filled with distilled water in an acid medium and with a known gamma emitter mixture for in vivo monitoring calibration. In addition simulators of contaminated wounds with circular pieces of Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) were provided by Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire (IRSN) from France. Efficiency curves depending on energy are obtained in the different counting geometries, which facilitate calculating the activities of the gamma emitting radionuclides retained in the organism when monitoring real contaminated persons. In case of intake of radionuclides retained in the thyroid or in the whole body, a curve is obtained for each age specific phantom. Moreover in case of contamination in wounds a set of efficiency curves was developed depending on the contamination depth. The detection limits (DL) of the in vivo measurement techniques for radionuclides have been calculated from the measurements of blank phantoms or persons according to ISO 28218 standard obtaining results for each method and age. Using the limits of detection for the estimation of the minimum committed effective dose, the values obtained were lower than 1 mSv.y−1, which is below the limit for the public recommended by ICRP.

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CIEMAT WBC 应对核和辐射紧急情况的能力

摘要 核和放射事故可能导致工作人员（包括急救人员）和一般人群的内照射。因此，有必要开发精确和快速的方法，以确保对内部污染人员进行监测和剂量评估的能力。位于西班牙马德里的能源、环境和技术研究中心 (CIEMAT) 的全身计数器 (WBC) 已经实施了一些技术来确定不同年龄组儿童和成人全身甲状腺和伽马发射体中的放射性碘。此外，WBC 实验室开发了一种新的体内校准和测量方法，使用锗探测器，以防不同深度伤口中的 γ 发射放射性核素受到污染。两个检测系统已相应校准：一个 Fastscan 计数器，由两个 NaI(Tl) 探测器和一个低能锗 (LEGe) 探测系统（四个探测器）组成，该系统在低伽马能量下非常高效。CIEMAT 为儿童和成人设计和制造了一系列用于儿童和成人的 Lucite 甲状腺颈部模型，用于甲状腺校准。一组 BOMAB 型全身体模由聚乙烯制成，并充满酸性介质中的蒸馏水和已知的伽马发射体混合物，用于体内监测校准。此外，法国放射防护和核子研究所 (IRSN) 提供了带有圆形醋酸乙烯酯 (EVA) 片的污染伤口模拟器。在不同的计数几何结构中获得取决于能量的效率曲线，这有助于计算在监测实际受污染人员时保留在生物体中的 γ 发射放射性核素的活动。在摄入保留在甲状腺或全身的放射性核素的情况下，为每个特定年龄的体模获得曲线。此外，在伤口污染的情况下，根据污染深度开发了一组效率曲线。放射性核素的体内测量技术的检测限 (DL) 是根据 ISO 28218 标准根据每种方法和年龄获得结果的空白体模或人体测量值计算得出的。使用检测限估算最小待积有效剂量，所得值低于 1 mSv.y−1，低于 ICRP 推荐的公众限值。