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Cow in Motion: A review of the impact of housing systems on movement opportunity of dairy cows and implications on locomotor activity
Applied Animal Behaviour Science ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105026
Elise Shepley , Joop Lensink , Elsa Vasseur

Abstract As humans, we recognize the importance of exercise. We go to the gym, walk our dogs, and ride our horses. Even our hamsters get a wheel to run on. Considering this, it is surprising that, when it comes to the production animals that make up the bulk of domestic animals, the concept of ‘exercise’ becomes more muddled. There is empirical evidence of improvements to health and behavior that have been linked to what has been perceived in the literature as the provision of exercise to dairy cows as well as of the preference for cows to access environments like pasture often associated with exercise. More unclear is whether these benefits and preferences are a direct result of exercise or due to the increased movement opportunity provided by the housing and management methods that are implemented in these studies. To address this conceptual quandary, it is necessary to look at the methods used to measure exercise in the literature. For quantitative evaluations of exercise, researchers turn to measures of the cow’s locomotor activity, looking at the distance, speed, and or duration of time spent moving, often with the aid of technologies such as GPS and pedometers to obtain a more comprehensive analyses of locomotor activity. Equally important to the method of measurement of locomotor activity are the qualitative factors associated with exercise and locomotor activity in the literature, including: 1) changes to characteristics of the cow’s housing environment (e.g. space allowance/cow, walking surface, stall hardware), and 2) changes to the duration of time/frequency that cows are managed under certain housing options (e.g. provision of outdoor access). Moreover, providing a cow with an environment in which she can exercise does not guarantee that she will utilize the resources provided to do so. Considering all of the existing knowledge, it becomes more apparent that the positive outcomes of these studies cannot be attributed to exercise, per se, but to the level of movement opportunity provided to the cow. Furthermore, level of movement opportunity may be dependent on the preferences and needs of individual cow, but is also ultimately limited and/or facilitated by the cow’s housing system and characteristics therein. This change in perspective can lead to an improved ability to make suitable recommendations to producers on how to keep their cows healthy, fulfill a wider range of behavioral needs, and keep their cows in motion.

中文翻译:

运动中的奶牛:回顾住房系统对奶牛运动机会的影响和对运动活动的影响

摘要 作为人类,我们认识到锻炼的重要性。我们去健身房,遛狗,骑马。甚至我们的仓鼠也有轮子可以跑。考虑到这一点,令人惊讶的是,当谈到构成家畜大部分的生产动物时,“锻炼”的概念变得更加混乱。有经验证据表明,健康和行为的改善与文献中所认为的为奶牛提供运动以及奶牛偏好进入通常与运动相关的牧场等环境有关。更不清楚的是,这些好处和偏好是锻炼的直接结果还是由于这些研究中实施的住房和管理方法提供的运动机会增加。为了解决这个概念上的困境,有必要查看文献中用于衡量运动的方法。对于运动的定量评估,研究人员转向测量奶牛的运动活动,观察运动距离、速度和/或持续时间,通常借助 GPS 和计步器等技术来获得更全面的运动分析。活动。与运动活动测量方法同样重要的是文献中与运动和运动活动相关的定性因素,包括:1) 奶牛饲养环境特征的变化(例如空间允许/奶牛、行走表面、畜栏硬件), 2) 改变在某些住房选择下管理奶牛的时间/频率的持续时间(例如提供户外通道)。此外,为一头奶牛提供一个可以锻炼的环境并不能保证她会利用所提供的资源来这样做。考虑到所有现有知识,这些研究的积极结果本身不能归因于运动,而是归因于为奶牛提供的运动机会水平,这一点变得更加明显。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的改变可以提高向生产者提出适当建议的能力,这些建议是关于如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求以及让奶牛保持运动。为一头奶牛提供一个可以锻炼的环境并不能保证它会利用所提供的资源来锻炼。考虑到所有现有知识,这些研究的积极结果本身不能归因于运动,而是归因于为奶牛提供的运动机会水平,这一点变得更加明显。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的变化可以提高向生产者提出有关如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求和保持奶牛运动的合适建议的能力。为一头奶牛提供一个可以锻炼的环境并不能保证它会利用所提供的资源来锻炼。考虑到所有现有知识,这些研究的积极结果本身不能归因于运动,而是归因于为奶牛提供的运动机会水平,这一点变得更加明显。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的改变可以提高向生产者提出适当建议的能力,这些建议是关于如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求以及让奶牛保持运动。考虑到所有现有知识,这些研究的积极结果本身不能归因于运动,而是归因于为奶牛提供的运动机会水平,这一点变得更加明显。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的变化可以提高向生产者提出有关如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求和保持奶牛运动的合适建议的能力。考虑到所有现有知识,这些研究的积极结果本身不能归因于运动,而是归因于为奶牛提供的运动机会水平,这一点变得更加明显。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的变化可以提高向生产者提出有关如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求和保持奶牛运动的合适建议的能力。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的变化可以提高向生产者提出有关如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求和保持奶牛运动的合适建议的能力。此外,运动机会的水平可能取决于个体奶牛的偏好和需要,但最终也受到奶牛的饲养系统和其中的特征的限制和/或促进。这种观点的变化可以提高向生产者提出有关如何保持奶牛健康、满足更广泛的行为需求和保持奶牛运动的合适建议的能力。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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