Abstract

The electric response and processes occurring in piezoelectric elements subjected to pulsed pressure are usually described for two extreme cases: when the time of pressure variation is much longer than the time of propagation of an acoustic wave through a piezoelectric element, when the pressure in the piezoelectric element can be treated as constant (thin sensor regime), and under loading by a rectangular shock wave, when the shock front divides the piezoelectric element into the compressed and uncompressed zones (thick sensor regime). In the former case, the voltage across the piezoelectric element and electric fields emerging in it directly depend on the electric load, and the induced charge is proportional to the applied pressure (in the linear region). In the latter case, the current generated by the piezoelectric element is proportional to the shock load pressure, and the fields in the bulk of the piezoelectric element appear even in the case of short-circuiting of its electrodes. In this study, we consider the electric response of piezoelectrics to the action of pressure, which noticeably varies during the time commensurate with the time of propagation of the shock wave through the piezoelectric element. Such a situation takes place, for example, when a high-velocity particle flow formed when the shock wave emerging on the free surface of the metal plate (dusting) [1–4] is incident on the piezoelectric sensor. The calculations based on the constructed mathematical model show that under an increasing pressure on the piezoelectric element, electric fields with magnitudes depending on the rate of pressure increase and nonuniform over the piezoelectric element thickness appear in its bulk, and the induced electric charge is proportional to the average pressure in the piezoelectric element. Under certain conditions, these fields can attain values leading to the emergence of breakdown in the piezoelectric element and to distortion of generated signals. We consider experimentally observed cases of manifestation of breakdown effects under the action of rapidly increasing pressures in piezoelectric elements.

中文翻译：

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压力线性增加下压电传感器的性能特点

摘要

通常在两种极端情况下描述在受到脉冲压力的压电元件中发生的电响应和过程：当压力变化的时间比声波通过压电元件传播的时间长得多时，当压电中的压力当振动前沿将压电元件分为压缩和未压缩区域（厚传感器状态）时，可将其视为恒定（薄传感器状态），并在矩形冲击波的载荷下进行处理。在前一种情况下，压电元件两端的电压和其中产生的电场直接取决于电负载，感应电荷与施加的压力成比例（在线性区域）。在后一种情况下，压电元件产生的电流与冲击负载压力成正比，即使在其电极短路的情况下，压电元件整体中的磁场也会出现。在这项研究中，我们考虑了压电对压力作用的电响应，该压力在与冲击波通过压电元件的传播时间相对应的时间内明显变化。例如，当在金属板的自由表面（粉尘）[1-4]上出现的冲击波入射到压电传感器上时，形成了高速粒子流时，就会发生这种情况。根据构造的数学模型进行的计算表明，在压电元件压力增大的情况下，取决于压力增加速率的大小的电场以及在压电元件厚度上不均匀的电场全部出现，并且感应电荷与压电元件中的平均压力成比例。在某些条件下，这些场可以达到导致压电元件出现击穿并导致产生的信号失真的值。我们考虑实验观察到的情况，即在压电元件中压力迅速增加的作用下出现击穿效应。这些场可以达到导致压电元件出现击穿和产生信号失真的值。我们考虑实验观察到的情况，即在压电元件中压力迅速增加的作用下出现击穿效应。这些场可以达到导致压电元件出现击穿和产生信号失真的值。我们考虑实验观察到的情况，即在压电元件中压力迅速增加的作用下出现击穿效应。