Routing attacks in the Internet of Things environment (IoT) can result in degraded network performance and often denial of service. Low Power and Lossy Network (LLN) is that segment in IoT which comprises constrained devices like sensors and RFIDs. IPv6 Routing Protocol over Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the standard routing protocol proposed by IETF for routing in IoT-LLNs. RPL efficiently organizes and maintains the IoT-LLNs and also provides certain security features capable of countering external attacks. However, RPL is vulnerable to many insider attacks. In RPL supported IoT-LLNs, the control messages carry the LLN configuration information. The sensor nodes participating in the routing process are allowed to disseminate the configuration information to organize and maintain the LLNs. Two important configuration information carried in the control message, namely, the rank and the version number, play a major role in the topological formation of IoT-LLNs. A participating node may purposely advertise a false rank or version number information to instigate a routing attack. Such attacks degrade the performance of the IoT-LLNs and increase the consumption of network resources. In this paper, we propose a layered model of IoT routing security to analyze the vulnerabilities associated with each phase of the routing process. We explore how to leverage the inherent features of blockchain to enhance routing security in IoT-LLNs. To this end, we propose a blockchain-based framework with a smart contract for generating real-time alerts to efficiently identify the sensor nodes involved in the tampering of LLN configuration information.

中文翻译：

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一种基于区块链的新型框架，可保护 IoT-LLN 免受路由攻击

物联网环境 (IoT) 中的路由攻击可能会导致网络性能下降并经常出现拒绝服务。低功耗和有损网络 (LLN) 是物联网中的那个部分，包括传感器和 RFID 等受限设备。IPv6 低功耗有损网络路由协议 (RPL) 是 IETF 提出的用于 IoT-LLN 中路由的标准路由协议。RPL 有效地组织和维护 IoT-LLN，还提供了某些能够抵御外部攻击的安全功能。然而，RPL 容易受到许多内部攻击。在 RPL 支持的 IoT-LLN 中，控制消息携带 LLN 配置信息。允许参与路由过程的传感器节点传播配置信息以组织和维护 LLN。控制消息中携带的两个重要配置信息，即等级和版本号，在 IoT-LLN 的拓扑结构中起主要作用。参与节点可能会故意通告虚假的等级或版本号信息以煽动路由攻击。此类攻击会降低 IoT-LLN 的性能并增加网络资源的消耗。在本文中，我们提出了一个物联网路由安全的分层模型来分析与路由过程的每个阶段相关的漏洞。我们探索如何利用区块链的固有特性来增强 IoT-LLN 中的路由安全性。为此，我们提出了一个基于区块链的框架，它带有一个智能合约，用于生成实时警报，以有效识别参与篡改 LLN 配置信息的传感器节点。