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Heterologous reconstitution of the biosynthesis pathway for 4-demethyl-premithramycinone, the aglycon of antitumor polyketide mithramycin.
Microbial Cell Factories ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-24 , DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01368-3
Daniel Zabala 1, 2 , Lijiang Song 2 , Yousef Dashti 2 , Gregory L Challis 2, 3, 4 , José A Salas 1, 5 , Carmen Méndez 1, 5
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Mithramycin is an anti-tumor compound of the aureolic acid family produced by Streptomyces argillaceus. Its biosynthesis gene cluster has been cloned and characterized, and several new analogs with improved pharmacological properties have been generated through combinatorial biosynthesis. To further study these compounds as potential new anticancer drugs requires their production yields to be improved significantly. The biosynthesis of mithramycin proceeds through the formation of the key intermediate 4-demethyl-premithramycinone. Extensive studies have characterized the biosynthesis pathway from this intermediate to mithramycin. However, the biosynthesis pathway for 4-demethyl-premithramycinone remains unclear. RESULTS Expression of cosmid cosAR7, containing a set of mithramycin biosynthesis genes, in Streptomyces albus resulted in the production of 4-demethyl-premithramycinone, delimiting genes required for its biosynthesis. Inactivation of mtmL, encoding an ATP-dependent acyl-CoA ligase, led to the accumulation of the tricyclic intermediate 2-hydroxy-nogalonic acid, proving its essential role in the formation of the fourth ring of 4-demethyl-premithramycinone. Expression of different sets of mithramycin biosynthesis genes as cassettes in S. albus and analysis of the resulting metabolites, allowed the reconstitution of the biosynthesis pathway for 4-demethyl-premithramycinone, assigning gene functions and establishing the order of biosynthetic steps. CONCLUSIONS We established the biosynthesis pathway for 4-demethyl-premithramycinone, and identified the minimal set of genes required for its assembly. We propose that the biosynthesis starts with the formation of a linear decaketide by the minimal polyketide synthase MtmPKS. Then, the cyclase/aromatase MtmQ catalyzes the cyclization of the first ring (C7-C12), followed by formation of the second and third rings (C5-C14; C3-C16) catalyzed by the cyclase MtmY. Formation of the fourth ring (C1-C18) requires MtmL and MtmX. Finally, further oxygenation and reduction is catalyzed by MtmOII and MtmTI/MtmTII respectively, to generate the final stable tetracyclic intermediate 4-demethyl-premithramycinone. Understanding the biosynthesis of this compound affords enhanced possibilities to generate new mithramycin analogs and improve their production titers for bioactivity investigation.

中文翻译:

4-去甲基-premithramycinone 生物合成途径的异源重组,抗肿瘤聚酮化合物光神霉素的糖苷配基。

背景技术光神霉素是由泥质链霉菌产生的金黄色葡萄酸家族的抗肿瘤化合物。其生物合成基因簇已被克隆和表征,并通过组合生物合成产生了几种具有改进药理特性的新类似物。为了进一步研究这些化合物作为潜在的新型抗癌药物,需要显着提高它们的产量。光神霉素的生物合成是通过关键中间体 4-去甲基-普米神霉素酮的形成进行的。广泛的研究已经表征了从该中间体到光神霉素的生物合成途径。然而,4-去甲基-premithramcinone 的生物合成途径仍不清楚。结果 含有一组光神霉素生物合成基因的粘粒 cosAR7 的表达,在 Streptomyces albus 中导致产生 4-去甲基-premithramycinone,界定其生物合成所需的基因。编码 ATP 依赖性酰基辅酶 A 连接酶的 mtmL 失活导致三环中间体 2-羟基-诺加龙酸的积累,证明其在 4-去甲基-普美霉素酮第四环形成中的重要作用。将不同组的光神霉素生物合成基因表达为 S. albus 中的盒,并对产生的代谢物进行分析,从而可以重建 4-去甲基-premithramycinone 的生物合成途径,分配基因功能并建立生物合成步骤的顺序。结论 我们建立了 4-去甲基-新霉素酮的生物合成途径,并确定了其组装所需的最小基因集。我们建议生物合成始于通过最小聚酮合酶 MtmPKS 形成线性 decaketide。然后,环化酶/芳香酶 MtmQ 催化第一个环 (C7-C12) 的环化,随后由环化酶 MtmY 催化形成第二个和第三个环 (C5-C14;C3-C16)。第四个环 (C1-C18) 的形成需要 MtmL 和 MtmX。最后,分别由MtmOII和MtmTI/MtmTII催化进一步氧化和还原,生成最终稳定的四环中间体4-去甲基-premithramycinone。了解这种化合物的生物合成可以增强生成新的光神霉素类似物的可能性,并提高其用于生物活性研究的生产效价。环化酶/芳香酶 MtmQ 催化第一个环 (C7-C12) 的环化,然后由环化酶 MtmY 催化形成第二个和第三个环 (C5-C14;C3-C16)。第四个环 (C1-C18) 的形成需要 MtmL 和 MtmX。最后,分别由MtmOII和MtmTI/MtmTII催化进一步氧化和还原,生成最终稳定的四环中间体4-去甲基-premithramycinone。了解这种化合物的生物合成可以增强生成新的光神霉素类似物的可能性,并提高其用于生物活性研究的生产效价。环化酶/芳香酶 MtmQ 催化第一个环 (C7-C12) 的环化,然后由环化酶 MtmY 催化形成第二个和第三个环 (C5-C14;C3-C16)。第四个环 (C1-C18) 的形成需要 MtmL 和 MtmX。最后,分别由MtmOII和MtmTI/MtmTII催化进一步氧化和还原,生成最终稳定的四环中间体4-去甲基-premithramycinone。了解这种化合物的生物合成可以增强生成新的光神霉素类似物的可能性,并提高其用于生物活性研究的生产效价。分别由MtmOII和MtmTI/MtmTII催化进一步氧化和还原,生成最终稳定的四环中间体4-去甲基-premithramcinone。了解这种化合物的生物合成可以增强生成新的光神霉素类似物的可能性,并提高其用于生物活性研究的生产效价。分别由MtmOII和MtmTI/MtmTII催化进一步氧化和还原,生成最终稳定的四环中间体4-去甲基-premithramcinone。了解这种化合物的生物合成可以增强生成新的光神霉素类似物的可能性,并提高其用于生物活性研究的生产效价。
更新日期:2020-05-24
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