Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) monitor the plant intracellular environment for signs of pathogen infection. Several mechanisms of NLR-mediated immunity arose independently across multiple species. These include the functional specialization of NLRs into sensors and helpers, the independent emergence of direct and indirect recognition within NLR subfamilies, the regulation of NLRs by small RNAs, and the formation of NLR networks. Understanding the evolutionary history of NLRs can shed light on both the origin of pathogen recognition and the common constraints on the plant immune system. Attempts to engineer disease resistance have been sparse and rarely informed by evolutionary knowledge. In this review, we discuss the evolution of NLRs, give an overview of previous engineering attempts, and propose how to use evolutionary knowledge to advance future research in the generation of novel disease-recognition capabilities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71 is April 29, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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植物 NLR 的进化：从自然历史到精确修改

核苷酸结合的富含亮氨酸的重复受体 (NLR) 监测植物细胞内环境中病原体感染的迹象。NLR 介导的免疫的几种机制在多个物种中独立出现。这些包括 NLRs 功能特化为传感器和助手、NLR 亚家族内直接和间接识别的独立出现、小 RNA 对 NLRs 的调节以及 NLR 网络的形成。了解 NLR 的进化历史可以阐明病原体识别的起源和植物免疫系统的常见限制。工程抗病性的尝试很少，而且很少受到进化知识的影响。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了 NLR 的演变，概述了以前的工程尝试，并提出如何利用进化知识推进未来研究，以产生新的疾病识别能力。《植物生物学年度评论》第 71 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2020 年 4 月 29 日。请参阅 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计值。