A culture demand has developed within the ornamental and baitfish industries for fishes of the genus Fundulus. Refining reproductive methods may not only benefit important industries, but related species of conservation concern as well. Golden Topminnows Fundulus chrysotus are a common fish species across their native range and they have their own ornamental demand. Low fecundity observed in species of Fundulus has been the main obstacle to their efficient culture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal female broodfish size for increasing certain reproductive parameters (fecundity, embryo, and larval morphometrics), which ultimately contributes to better survival from embryo to larva. Outdoor and indoor studies were conducted between April 2018 and July 2018. Three distinct female size‐classes were stocked in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system and outdoor mesocosms. The indoor study involved palpating females once every 3–4 d for 2.5 weeks, and the outdoor study utilized mesocosms to assess natural embryo and larval metrics over a 10‐week period. In indoor laboratory experiments, large females ovulated the greatest numbers of eggs; however, the number of eggs per gram (female weight; mean ± standard error of the mean) was proportional across all three size‐classes (small: 2.8 ± 0.64; medium: 2.3 ± 0.51; large: 3.1 ± 0.51). In outdoor mesocosm experiments, larval TL and percentage of embryos surviving to hatch were lowest for large size‐class progeny, which may have resulted from their relatively larger chorion size and nonstandardized incubation density contributing to inhibited development. Female Golden Topminnows proportionally invest in yolk production, and thus produce greater numbers of eggs.

中文翻译：

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雌性金Top鱼生殖参数的重量依赖性种内变异

在观赏鱼和ba鱼工业中，对Fund藜属鱼类的文化需求已经发展。提炼生殖方法不仅可能使重要行业受益，而且也可能使相关的保护物种受益。金冠min底金枪鱼是其本地范围内的常见鱼类，它们有自己的观赏需求。在品种观察繁殖力低Fundulus一直是他们高效文化的主要障碍。因此，本研究的目的是确定增加某些生殖参数（生殖力，胚胎和幼虫形态学参数）的最佳雌性亲鱼大小，这最终有助于从胚胎到幼虫的更好存活。在2018年4月至2018年7月之间进行了室外和室内研究。在室内循环水产养殖系统和室外中观世界中放养了三种不同的雌性大小班级。室内研究涉及每3-4天触诊雌性一次，持续2.5周，而室外研究则利用中观方法评估10周内的自然胚胎和幼虫指标。在室内实验室实验中，大雌性排卵最多。但是，每克鸡蛋的数量（女性体重；平均值±平均值的标准误）在所有三个大小级别上成比例（小：2.8±0.64;中：2.3±0.51;大：3.1±0.51）。在室外的中观实验中，幼虫的TL和存活的孵化率对于大型类后代最低，这可能是由于它们的绒毛大小相对较大以及孵化密度不规范导致发育受到抑制。雌性金Topminnows按比例投资于蛋黄生产，从而生产更多数量的卵。这可能是由于它们的绒毛膜大小相对较大和孵化密度不规范导致发育受到抑制。雌性金Topminnows按比例地投资于蛋黄生产，从而生产更多数量的卵。这可能是由于它们的绒毛膜大小相对较大和孵化密度不规范导致发育受到抑制。雌性金Topminnows按比例投资于蛋黄生产，从而生产更多数量的卵。