In all, 26 cultures of the harmful marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium, isolated from Japanese and Philippine coastal waters, were examined using LM, SEM, and molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA. Seven Karlodinium species (six from Japan and four from Philippines), K. australe, K. ballantinum, K. decipiens, K. gentienii, K. veneficum, K. zhouanum, and a novel species Karlodinium azanzae sp. nov., were identified based on their morphology and phylogenetic positions. Karlodinium azanzae from Manila Bay, Philippines was further characterized by TEM, HPLC (chloroplast pigment), and bioassay on brine shrimp and other marine zooplankton. Cells of K. azanzae were the largest (mean 25.3 µm long) in Karlodinium, possessed numerous tiny reflective particles, starch grains, and lipid granules, and usually swam at the bottom of the culture vessel. The straight apical structure complex and a ventral pore were common to the genus. The longitudinally elongated nucleus was located at the center, and the yellowish chloroplasts contained an embedded pyrenoid and carotenoid pigments typical of the genus (i.e., fucoxanthin as major carotenoid with its derivatives). TEM revealed a part of the flagellar apparatus, of which the long striated ventral connective is the first report in the Kareniaceae. Phylogenetic trees showed closest affinity of K. azanzae with K. australe and K. armiger. The new species could be differentiated from related species by cell size, position of the nucleus, and characteristic swimming behavior. Lethality of K. azanzae to large zooplankton and micropredation using a developed peduncle was also observed.

中文翻译：

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日本和菲律宾的有害无铠甲双鞭毛藻Karlodinium，涉及到山葵Karlodinium sp。的超微结构和微捕食。十一月 （Kareniaceae，Dinophyceae）1。

使用LM，SEM和从ITS和LSU rDNA推断出的分子系统发育学，共检查了从日本和菲律宾沿海水域分离出的26种有害海洋藻鞭形藻Karlodinium的培养物。七种Karlodinium种类（日本六种，菲律宾四种），K. australe，K. ballantinum，K. decipiens，K. gentienii，K. veneficum，K. zhouanum，和一个新的种Karlodinium azanzae sp。根据它们的形态和系统发生位置鉴定。卡兰丁草来自菲律宾马尼拉湾的鱼的特征还在于通过TEM，HPLC（叶绿体色素）和盐水虾和其他海洋浮游生物的生物测定来表征。的细胞K. azanzae是最大的（平均25.3微米长）在Karlodinium拥有许多微小的反射颗粒，淀粉颗粒和脂质颗粒，通常在培养容器底部游动。直的顶端结构复合体和腹孔是该属的共同体。纵向拉长的核位于中央，淡黄色的叶绿体含有一种典型的类埋入的类胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素色素（即岩藻黄质为主要类胡萝卜素及其衍生物）。TEM揭示了鞭毛器的一部分，其中长条状腹侧结缔组织是Kareniaceae的首次报道。系统发育树显示K. azanzae与K. australe和K. armiger最接近。新物种可以通过细胞大小，细胞核位置和典型的游泳行为与相关物种区分开。还观察到了K. azanzae对大型浮游动物的致死力和使用发达的花序梗的微捕食。