Abstract Integration of sedimentologic, chemostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and geochronologic data identifies the profound influence that sudden bursts of carbonate sedimentation, sea-level oscillation, and hypersalinity, associated with Ireviken and Mulde carbon cycle perturbations, had on the evolution of the Michigan Basin during the Silurian. Conodonts and carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) stratigraphy of the Lockport and Engadine Dolomites constrain the rapid build-up and progradation of a thick biohermal wedge along the basin margins to the Sheinwoodian-age Ireviken Excursion, a recently identified period of global reef growth. This event significantly changed the hydrologic architecture of the basin, ultimately resulting in restricted seawater exchange that drove evaporite deposition. Zircon U Pb ages of ~428 Ma from bentonites near the base of the evaporite-bearing Salina Group, together with δ13Ccarb profiles transecting the basin, constrain the onset of hypersalinity to initiation of the late Homerian Mulde Excursion. Importantly, the double δ13Ccarb peak of this event parallels a complex pattern of dramatic sea-level oscillations, on the order of 100 m, recorded within the A-0 to A-2 evaporites and associated pinnacle reefs. Ascending δ13Ccarb values were accompanied by sea-level fall, karstification, and the formation of evaporites in the basin center. Intra-excursion sea-level rebounds triggered exceptionally rapid upward pinnacle reef growth. Subsequent sea-level fall again exposed the ramp and pinnacle reefs resulting in basin-wide restriction and massive salt deposition that, ultimately, encased the reefs in salt. The return to baseline δ13Ccarb values was accompanied by flooding and carbonate sedimentation. Our integrated approach, with high-resolution δ13Ccarb stratigraphy from closely spaced (intra-basinal) sections as a central component, enables finely tuned chronostratigraphic correlation, recognition of unconformity-bound facies packages (i.e., systems tracts), and constrains variations in sea level and sedimentation rates. These findings have immediate applications to predictive static reservoir models for the evaluation of the reefs as repositories for anthropogenic CO2 sequestration, gas storage reservoirs, and hydrocarbon exploration. Ultimately, our findings demonstrate that a cascade of rapid environmental changes, including pulses of carbonate sedimentation, high-amplitude sea-level oscillations, and evaporite deposition, were associated with the Ireviken and Mulde perturbations of the Silurian carbon cycle.

中文翻译：

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相关的志留纪碳循环扰动、尖峰礁生长爆发、极端海平面振荡和蒸发岩沉积（美国密歇根盆地）

摘要 沉积学、化学地层学、生物地层学和地质年代学数据的整合确定了与 Ireviken 和 Mulde 碳循环扰动相关的碳酸盐沉积突然爆发、海平面振荡和高盐度对密歇根盆地演化的深远影响。志留纪。Lockport 和 Engadine Dolomites 的牙形石和碳同位素 (δ13Ccarb) 地层限制了沿着盆地边缘的厚生物礁楔的快速积聚和进积到 Sheinwoodian 时代 Ireviken Excursion，这是最近确定的全球珊瑚礁生长时期。这一事件显着改变了盆地的水文结构，最终导致海水交换受限，从而导致蒸发岩沉积。来自含有蒸发岩的盐沼群底部附近膨润土的锆石 U Pb 年龄约为 428 Ma，连同横切盆地的 δ13Ccarb 剖面，将高盐度的发生限制为晚荷马穆尔德偏移的开始。重要的是，该事件的双 δ13Ccarb 峰值与在 A-0 到 A-2 蒸发岩和相关的尖峰礁中记录的 100 m 数量级的剧烈海平面振荡的复杂模式平行。δ13​​Ccarb 值的上升伴随着海平面下降、岩溶作用和盆地中心蒸发岩的形成。行程内海平面反弹引发了异常快速向上的尖峰礁生长。随后的海平面下降再次暴露了斜坡和尖峰珊瑚礁，导致整个盆地的限制和大量盐沉积，最终将珊瑚礁包裹在盐中。返回到基线 δ13Ccarb 值伴随着洪水和碳酸盐沉积。我们的综合方法以来自紧密间隔（盆地内）剖面的高分辨率 δ13Ccarb 地层学作为中心组成部分，能够微调年代地层相关性，识别不整合面包（即系统域），并限制海平面的变化和沉降速率。这些发现可直接应用于预测性静态储层模型，以评估珊瑚礁作为人为 CO2 封存、储气库和油气勘探的储存库。最终，我们的研究结果表明，一系列快速的环境变化，包括碳酸盐沉积脉冲、高振幅海平面振荡和蒸发岩沉积，