Abstract The integration of the photovoltaic (PV) energy in the greenhouse farm has raised concerns on the agricultural sustainability of this specific agrosystem in terms of crop planning and management, due to the shading cast by the PV panels on the canopy. The PV greenhouse (PVG) can be classified on the basis of the PV cover ratio (PVR), that is the ratio of the projected area of PV panels to the ground and the total greenhouse area. In this paper, we estimated the yield of 14 greenhouse horticultural and floricultural crops inside four commercial PVG types spread in southern Europe, with PVR ranging from 25 to 100%. The aim of the work is to identify the PVG types suitable for the cultivation of the considered species, based on the best trade-off between PV shading and crop production. The daily light integral (DLI) was used to compare the light scenarios inside the PVGs to the crop light requirements, and estimate the potential yield. The structures with a PVR of 25% were compatible with the cultivation of all considered species, including the high light demanding ones (tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper), with an estimated negligible or limited yield reduction (below 25%). The medium light species (such as asparagus) with an optimal DLI lower than 17 mol m−2 d−1 and low light crops can be cultivated inside PVGs with a PVR up to 60%. Only low light demanding floricultural species with an optimal DLI lower than 10 mol m−2 d−1, such as poinsettia, kalanchoe and dracaena, were compatible inside PVGs with a PVR up to 100%. Innovative cropping systems should be considered to overcome the penalizing light scenarios of the PVGs with high PVR, also implementing LED supplementary lighting. This paper contributes to identify the sustainable PVG types for the chosen species and the alternative crop managements in terms of transplantation period and precision agriculture techniques, aimed at increasing the crop productivity and adaptability inside the PVG agrosystems.

中文翻译：

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欧洲光伏温室的农业可持续性评估

摘要 由于光伏电池板投射在树冠上的阴影，温室农场中光伏 (PV) 能源的整合引起了人们对该特定农业系统在作物规划和管理方面的农业可持续性的担忧。光伏温室（PVG）可以根据光伏覆盖率（PVR）进行分类，即光伏电池板对地面的投影面积与温室总面积的比值。在本文中，我们估计了分布在欧洲南部的四种商业 PVG 类型中 14 种温室园艺和花卉作物的产量，PVR 范围为 25% 到 100%。这项工作的目的是基于 PV 遮阳和作物生产之间的最佳权衡，确定适合所考虑物种种植的 PVG 类型。每日光照积分 (DLI) 用于将 PVG 内的光照场景与作物光照需求进行比较，并估算潜在产量。PVR 为 25% 的结构与所有考虑的物种的栽培兼容，包括高光要求的物种（番茄、黄瓜、甜椒），估计产量减少可以忽略不计或有限（低于 25%）。最佳 DLI 低于 17 mol m−2 d−1 的中等光照物种（如芦笋）和低光照作物可以在 PVG 内种植，PVR 高达 60%。只有最佳 DLI 低于 10 mol m−2 d−1 的低光要求花卉物种，如一品红、长寿花和龙血树，才能在 PVG 内兼容，PVR 高达 100%。应考虑创新的种植系统，以克服高 PVR 的 PVG 的不利光照场景，同时实施 LED 补充照明。本文有助于确定所选物种的可持续 PVG 类型以及移植期和精准农业技术方面的替代作物管理，旨在提高 PVG 农业系统内的作物生产力和适应性。