Objective

The aim of this study was to develop bioactive and osseointegrable polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-based composite filaments melt-blended with novel amorphous magnesium phosphate (AMP) particles for 3D printing of dental and orthopedic implants.

Materials and methods

A series of materials and biological analyses of AMP-PEEK were performed. Thermal stability, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry curves of as-synthesized AMP were measured. Complex viscosity, elastic modulus and viscous modulus were determined using a rotational rheometer. In vitro bioactivity was analyzed using SBF immersion method. SEM, EDS and XRD were used to study the apatite-forming ability of the AMP-PEEK filaments. Mouse pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) were cultured and analyzed for cell viability, proliferation and gene expression. For in vivo analyses, bare PEEK was used as the control and 15AMP-PEEK was chosen based on its in vitro cell-related results. After 4 or 12 weeks, animals were euthanized, and the femurs were collected for micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and histology.

Results

The collected findings confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of AMP particles within the PEEK matrix with no phase degradation. Rheological studies demonstrated that AMP-PEEK composites are good candidates for 3D printing by exhibiting high zero-shear and low infinite-shear viscosities. In vitro results revealed enhanced bioactivity and superior pre-osteoblast cell function in the case of AMP-PEEK composites as compared to bare PEEK. In vivo analyses further corroborated the enhanced osseointegration capacity for AMP-PEEK implants.

Significance

Collectively, the present investigation demonstrated that AMP-PEEK composite filaments can serve as feedstock for 3D printing of orthopedic and dental implants due to enhanced bioactivity and osseointegration capacity.

中文翻译：

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用于3D打印的生物活性非晶态磷酸镁-聚醚醚酮复合长丝。

 客观的

本研究的目的是开发具有生物活性和骨整合性的聚醚醚酮 (PEEK) 基复合长丝，与新型无定形磷酸镁 (AMP) 颗粒熔融混合，用于牙科和骨科植入物的 3D 打印。

 材料和方法

对 AMP-PEEK 进行了一系列材料和生物学分析。测量了合成的 AMP 的热稳定性、热重和差示扫描量热曲线。使用旋转流变仪测定复数粘度、弹性模量和粘性模量。采用SBF浸泡法分析体外生物活性。使用SEM、EDS和XRD来研究AMP-PEEK长丝的磷灰石形成能力。培养小鼠前成骨细胞（MC3T3-E1）并分析细胞活力、增殖和基因表达。对于体内分析，使用裸 PEEK 作为对照，并根据其体外细胞相关结果选择 15AMP-PEEK。 4或12周后，对动物实施安乐死，并收集股骨进行微型计算机断层扫描（μ-CT）和组织学检查。

 结果

收集到的结果证实了 AMP 颗粒在 PEEK 基质中均匀分散，没有相降解。流变学研究表明，AMP-PEEK 复合材料具有高零剪切粘度和低无限剪切粘度，是 3D 打印的良好候选材料。体外结果表明，与裸 PEEK 相比，AMP-PEEK 复合材料具有增强的生物活性和优越的前成骨细胞功能。体内分析进一步证实了 AMP-PEEK 种植体增强的骨整合能力。

 意义

总的来说，本研究表明，由于 AMP-PEEK 复合长丝具有增强的生物活性和骨整合能力，因此可以作为骨科和牙科植入物 3D 打印的原料。