The winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin) is one of the most potential species used to produce large sized pearls. Waterless transport and nuclei implant process are two common handling practices for pearl oyster in aquaculture. These processes can cause air exposure stress. In order to investigate the physiological energetics and oxidative stress of pearl oysters exposed to air, live P. penguin were exposed to air for 6 h, 9 h and 12 h at different air temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) before immediate re-immersing in seawater at 27 °C for their recovery. The air exposure time and temperature significantly affected the survival rates of P. penguin. Meanwhile, the optimum temperature was found to be 25 °C, in which the survival rate of P. penguin was >90 % after 9 h of air exposure. In addition, five parameters of physiological energetics, such as clearance rate (CR), ingestion rate (IR), absorption efficiency (AE), respiration rate (RR), and ammonia excretion rate (AR) were significantly influenced by air exposure. When the duration of air exposure increased, simultaneous decrease in CR, IR and AE, and increase in RR and AR were observed. After re-immersing into seawater, these parameters of P. penguin exposed to less time (6 h or 9 h) and suitable temperature showed normal level after 96 h or less. Further, the air exposure influenced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in hepatopancreas and hemolymph. SOD activities increased after air exposure, and stabilized thereafter. After 6 h of air exposure, activities of CAT, T-AOC and GSH-Px rapidly increased, before gradually decreasing. There were no significant differences in the MDA content of hepatopancreas after 6 h and 9 h of air exposure, however, significant differences were observed after 12 h of air exposure. MDA contents in hemolymph showed significant increase after 9 h and 12 h of air exposure. In this study, it was demonstrated that the air exposure associated with common aquaculture practices strongly affected the physiological energetics and oxidative stress of P. penguin. This showed that excessive air exposure (unfavorable temperature and long duration) might lead to irreversible injures in P. penguin.

带翼的牡蛎（Pteria企鹅）是用于生产大型珍珠的最有潜力的物种之一。无水运输和核植入过程是水产养殖中牡蛎的两种常见处理方法。这些过程可能会导致空气暴露压力。为了研究暴露于空气中的牡蛎的生理能量和氧化应激，将活的企鹅企鹅在不同的气温（20°C，25°C和30°C）下暴露于空气中6 h，9 h和12 h ），然后立即重新浸入27°C的海水中以使其恢复。空气暴露时间和温度显着影响企鹅的存活率。同时，发现最佳温度为25°C，其中暴露在空气中9小时后，企鹅对虾> 90％。此外，暴露于空气中会显着影响五个生理机能参数，如清除率（CR），摄入率（IR），吸收效率（AE），呼吸率（RR）和氨排泄率（AR）。当暴露于空气中的时间增加时，观察到CR，IR和AE的同时减少，RR和AR的增加。重新浸入海水后，企鹅企鹅的这些参数暴露于较少的时间（6小时或9小时）中，并且合适的温度在96小时或更短的时间后显示正常水平。此外，暴露于空气会影响肝胰腺和血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），总抗氧化能力（T-AOC），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和丙二醛（MDA）含量的活性。空气接触后，SOD活性增加，此后稳定。暴露于空气中6小时后，CAT，T-AOC和GSH-Px的活性迅速升高，然后逐渐降低。暴露于空气6h和9h后，肝胰脏的MDA含量无显着差异，但是暴露于空气12h后，MDA含量无显着差异。暴露于空气9小时和12小时后，血淋巴中的MDA含量显着增加。在这个研究中，P.企鹅。这表明过度暴露在空气中（不利的温度和较长的持续时间）可能导致企鹅对虾的不可逆转的伤害。