The multi-functional agroforestry system associating rainfed lowland rice and sugar palm (RLR-SP) hedges has been sustaining emblematic cultural landscapes in the Indianized countries of Southeast Asia for centuries. Often established in areas facing very constrained soil–water conditions, it played a crucial role in the agro-ecological, social and economic resilience of these agrarian systems. Recent changes in communication infrastructure, commercialization, urbanization, state interventions and private initiatives have driven the transformations of these iconic cultural landscapes, but analyses of their socio-ecological impacts on household livelihoods and landscapes features are lacking. In this study, we quantified and analysed the transformations of a coastal RLR-SP cultural landscape in Southeast Thailand. We used remote sensing data to characterize and quantify land-use change during 1983–2015, and interviews with diverse stakeholders to understand the impacts of the driving factors of change on livelihood systems. After the mid-1980s, market integration facilitated by the construction of bridges and all-weather roads led to the diversification of farming and off-farm activities, increasing the mobility of farm labourers sizing wage-earning opportunities in neighbouring urban centres. In the 1990s, the RLR-SP system faced the introduction of an irrigation canal, shrimp farming, tree plantations, and the partial conversion of deep-water rice areas into mixed gardens. More recently, the demand for sugar palm fruits by the caning industry has revived an interest in sugar palm groves. A policy to raise the farm incomes associated with palm oil companies supported the conversion of paddy fields into small oil palm plantations, which is the most important recent land-use change and future threat to the survival of the RLR-SP system. Like in other Southeast Asian coastal areas, the increased frequency of extreme climatic events is another major threat faced by this emblematic but increasingly vulnerable cultural agroecosystem. The profitable and land/water resource efficient association of the RLR-SP system with commercial vegetable production on diversified smallholdings is a promising way towards a more sustainable landscape management that could be supported by improving on-farm water storage.

中文翻译：

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泰国南部脆弱的雨养低地稻米-糖棕榈文化农林业系统中土地利用变化的驱动因素和影响

结合了雨养低地水稻和sugar榔（RLR-SP）篱笆的多功能农林业系统，在几个世纪以来一直维持着东南亚印度化国家的象征文化景观。它通常建立在面临水土条件十分有限的地区，在这些农业系统的农业生态，社会和经济适应力中发挥着至关重要的作用。通讯基础设施，商业化，城市化，国家干预和私人倡议的最新变化推动了这些标志性文化景观的转变，但缺乏对其对家庭生计和景观特征的社会生态影响的分析。在这项研究中，我们量化和分析了泰国东南沿海RLR-SP文化景观的转变。我们使用遥感数据来表征和量化1983-2015年期间的土地利用变化，并与不同的利益相关者进行了访谈，以了解变化驱动因素对生计系统的影响。在1980年代中期之后，桥梁和全天候道路的建设促进了市场一体化，导致了农业和非农活动的多样化，增加了农民工的流动性，从而在邻近的城市中心创造了赚钱的机会。在1990年代，RLR-SP系统面临着灌溉渠，虾类养殖，树木种植以及将深水稻田部分转变为混合花园的挑战。最近，制罐业对糖棕榈果的需求重新引起了人们对糖棕榈树丛的兴趣。一项提高与棕榈油公司相关的农场收入的政策支持将稻田转变为小型油棕种植园，这是最近最重要的土地用途变化，也是对RLR-SP系统生存的未来威胁。与其他东南亚沿海地区一样，极端气候事件发生频率的增加是这种标志性但日益脆弱的文化农业生态系统面临的另一主要威胁。RLR-SP系统与多样化小农场上的商业蔬菜生产之间有利可图的，土地/水资源高效的关联，是朝着更可持续的景观管理发展的一种有前途的方式，可以通过改善农场的蓄水能力来支持。这是最近最重要的土地利用变化以及对RLR-SP系统生存的未来威胁。像在其他东南亚沿海地区一样，极端气候事件的频率增加是这种标志性但日益脆弱的文化农业生态系统面临的另一主要威胁。RLR-SP系统与多样化小农场上的商业蔬菜生产之间有利可图的，土地/水资源高效的关联，是朝着更可持续的景观管理发展的一种有前途的方式，可以通过改善农场的蓄水能力来支持。这是最近最重要的土地利用变化以及对RLR-SP系统生存的未来威胁。与其他东南亚沿海地区一样，极端气候事件发生频率的增加是这种标志性但日益脆弱的文化农业生态系统面临的另一主要威胁。RLR-SP系统与多样化小农场上的商业蔬菜生产之间有利可图的，土地/水资源高效的关联，是朝着更可持续的景观管理发展的一种有前途的方式，可以通过改善农场的蓄水能力来支持。