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MEK inhibition overcomes everolimus resistance in gastric cancer.
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-22 , DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04078-0
Hongfang Liu 1 , Yang Yao 1 , Juan Zhang 1 , Jing Li 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Although substantial evidence has shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important therapeutic target in gastric cancer, the overall response rates in patients to mTOR inhibitor everolimus have been less than initially expected. We hypothesized that the limited efficacy of everolimus in gastric cancer is due to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). METHODS ERK activation was investigated using western blot. The effects of dual inhibition of ERK and mTOR via genetic and pharmacological approaches were determined using cellular assays and xenograft mouse model. RESULTS We observed the decreased phosphorylation of mTOR, rS6, and 4EBP1 and increased phosphorylation of ERK and p90RSK in gastric cancer cells exposed to everolimus at clinically relevant concentration. Using both in vitro cell culture assays and in vivo xenograft mouse model, we found that trametinib overcame everolimus resistance by either effectively targeting resistant cells or further enhancing everolimus' efficacy in sensitive cells. Mechanism studies confirmed that trametinib overcame everolimus resistance via specifically inhibiting ERK and regulating ERK-mediated Bcl-2 family proteins in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of mTOR pathway can induce "paradoxical" activation of ERK in gastric cancer, and this activation can be reversed by trametinib. Since both drugs are clinically available, our findings might accelerate the initiation of clinical trials on gastric cancer using everolimus and trametinib combination.

中文翻译:

MEK抑制克服了胃癌对依维莫司的耐药性。

背景技术尽管大量证据表明,雷帕霉素(mTOR)途径的哺乳动物靶标是胃癌中的重要治疗靶标,但患者对mTOR抑制剂依维莫司的总体缓解率低于最初预期。我们假设依维莫司在胃癌中的有限疗效是由于细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的激活。方法采用蛋白质印迹法研究ERK的活化。使用细胞测定法和异种移植小鼠模型确定了通过遗传和药理学方法双重抑制ERK和mTOR的作用。结果我们观察到在临床相关浓度下暴露于依维莫司的胃癌细胞中mTOR,rS6和4EBP1的磷酸化减少,而ERK和p90RSK的磷酸化增加。使用体外细胞培养测定法和体内异种移植小鼠模型,我们发现曲美替尼可通过有效靶向耐药性细胞或进一步增强依维莫司在敏感细胞中的功效来克服依维莫司的耐药性。机制研究证实,曲美替尼可通过特异性抑制胃癌细胞中的ERK并调节ERK介导的Bcl-2家族蛋白来克服依维莫司耐药性。结论mTOR途径的抑制可诱导胃癌中ERK的“反常”活化,并且曲美替尼可以逆转这种活化。由于两种药物均可临床使用,因此我们的发现可能会加快依维莫司和曲美替尼联合治疗胃癌的临床试验。我们发现曲美替尼可通过有效靶向耐药细胞或进一步增强依维莫司在敏感细胞中的功效来克服依维莫司的耐药性。机制研究证实,曲美替尼可通过特异性抑制胃癌细胞中的ERK并调节ERK介导的Bcl-2家族蛋白来克服依维莫司耐药性。结论mTOR途径的抑制可诱导胃癌中ERK的“反常”活化,并且曲美替尼可以逆转这种活化。由于两种药物均可临床使用,因此我们的发现可能会加快依维莫司和曲美替尼联合治疗胃癌的临床试验。我们发现曲美替尼可通过有效靶向耐药细胞或进一步增强依维莫司在敏感细胞中的功效来克服依维莫司的耐药性。机制研究证实,曲美替尼可通过特异性抑制胃癌细胞中的ERK并调节ERK介导的Bcl-2家族蛋白来克服依维莫司耐药性。结论mTOR途径的抑制可诱导胃癌中ERK的“反常”活化,并且曲美替尼可以逆转这种活化。由于两种药物均可临床使用,因此我们的发现可能会加快依维莫司和曲美替尼联合治疗胃癌的临床试验。机制研究证实,曲美替尼可通过特异性抑制胃癌细胞中的ERK并调节ERK介导的Bcl-2家族蛋白来克服依维莫司耐药性。结论mTOR途径的抑制可诱导胃癌中ERK的“反常”活化,并且曲美替尼可以逆转这种活化。由于两种药物均可临床使用,因此我们的发现可能会加快依维莫司和曲美替尼联合治疗胃癌的临床试验。机制研究证实,曲美替尼通过特异性抑制胃癌细胞中的ERK并调节ERK介导的Bcl-2家族蛋白来克服依维莫司耐药性。结论抑制mTOR途径可诱导胃癌ERK的“反常”活化,并且曲美替尼可以逆转这种活化。由于两种药物均可临床使用,因此我们的发现可能会加快依维莫司和曲美替尼联合治疗胃癌的临床试验。
更新日期:2020-05-22
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