The primary purpose of this article is to determine the impact of a simulated agent's transparency on human performance and related variables, such as response time, workload, and trust calibration. The agent supports participants as they complete a base defense task by managing a team of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles and serves as a decision aid to the human. Three conditions of transparency are explored. In condition 1, the agent displays only the basic information (map of vehicle location and proposed routes). In condition 2, the agent displays the basic information and an explanation of its reasoning. In condition 3, the agent displays the basic information, reasoning, and uncertainties involved in the plans. Results show that participants exhibit better performance and trust calibration in the high-transparency conditions without perceiving a significant increase in workload. However, response time also increased, likely due to the additional processing time needed for conditions with more information. Overall, our findings indicate that the increased agent transparency can improve human-agent decision making and performance, but with a small cost of the efficiency (timeliness) of task completion.

中文翻译：

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代理透明度对人类绩效的影响

本文的主要目的是确定模拟代理的透明度对人类绩效和相关变量（例如响应时间、工作负载和信任校准）的影响。代理通过管理一组异构无人驾驶车辆来支持参与者完成基地防御任务，并为人类提供决策帮助。探讨了透明度的三个条件。在条件 1 中，代理仅显示基本信息（车辆位置地图和建议路线）。在条件 2 中，代理显示基本信息及其推理的解释。在条件 3 中，代理显示计划中涉及的基本信息、推理和不确定性。结果表明，参与者在高透明度条件下表现出更好的表现和信任校准，而没有感觉到工作量的显着增加。但是，响应时间也增加了，这可能是由于具有更多信息的条件需要额外的处理时间。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，提高代理透明度可以改善人工代理的决策和性能，但以较小的任务完成效率（及时性）成本为代价。