Global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) has attracted much attention in remote sensing, such as sea wind speed detection, soil moisture, and sea ice. In order to verify the algorithm of GNSS-R, the simulation of GNSS-R plays an important role in this research field. Delay waveform (DW) and delay-Doppler map (DDM) are the main observables in GNSS-R simulation, and are usually effects by the complex ocean environment, such as wind and swell. Besides the effects of wind, this article focuses on analyzing the influence of swell on the simulation of GNSS-R. In this article, a complex model of DW and DDM is presented with effects of swell. Swell modeled here by narrow-band Gaussian spectrum, and the influence of swell on the sea surface scattering coefficient, which can be calculated using Kirchhoff approximation-geometric optics. Observables obtained from the simulation in the space-borne scene are analyzed. The simulation results show that swell has a stable and significant impact on the simulation of GNSS-R observables. Compared with models under no consideration of swell, the model with effects of swell has higher accuracy.

中文翻译：

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具有膨胀效应的 GNSS-R 观测值的建模和仿真

全球导航卫星系统反射测量法（GNSS-R）在海风速检测、土壤湿度、海冰等遥感领域备受关注。为了验证GNSS-R的算法，GNSS-R的仿真在该研究领域发挥着重要作用。延迟波形 (DW) 和延迟多普勒图 (DDM) 是 GNSS-R 模拟中的主要观测数据，通常受到风和涌浪等复杂海洋环境的影响。除了风的影响，本文重点分析涌浪对 GNSS-R 模拟的影响。在本文中，提出了具有涌浪效应的 DW 和 DDM 的复杂模型。此处通过窄带高斯光谱模拟涌浪，以及涌浪对海面散射系数的影响，可使用基尔霍夫近似几何光学计算。分析了从星载场景中的模拟中获得的观测值。模拟结果表明，涌浪对 GNSS-R 可观测量的模拟具有稳定且显着的影响。与不考虑涌浪的模型相比，有涌浪影响的模型具有更高的精度。