Orange greenockite (CdS) aggregates were found in a small fumarole at a burned coal dump near Bytom, Upper Silesia, Poland and were studied using a variety of techniques in order to determine their chemistry, morphology, and most importantly, the mechanism of crystal growth. Greenockite rods, wires, and whiskers with bismuth drops on crystal tops are predominant in these aggregates. Greenockite rods oriented sub-perpendicular to the substrate surface. The rod thickness reaches 5–6 μm and about 10 μm in length. The catalyst bismuth drop has a diameter comparable to the rod thickness. Fiber forms (wires and whiskers) are sub-parallel to the substrate surface. The thickness of these forms is usually less than 2 μm, and the length can be close to 1 mm. The bismuth drop diameter can show a large excess over the fiber thickness. Catalyst drops on the tops of whiskers began to change their form dynamically and exploded, spraying bismuth under the electron beam effect. Rods grow along the [01–10] direction, and whiskers and wires (axial forms) along the [0001] direction. Greenockite rod crystals, carrying on top a relatively homogenous bismuth catalyst drop, were formed on the heated substrate according to the VLS (vapor–liquid–solid) mechanism at temperatures not lower than 270 °C. Greenockite whiskers and wires grew just above of the substrate surface according to the VQS (vapor–quasiliquid–solid) mechanism at temperatures lower than 200 °C. These mechanisms of growth have very rarely been recorded to occur in nature and even less so in burning coal dumps. The cooperative growth effects of the fiber greenockite crystals were also described.

中文翻译：

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来自比利牛斯烧煤场的Greenockite晶须，波兰上西里西亚

在波兰上西里西亚比托姆附近的一个燃煤堆场中的一个小型喷气孔中发现了橙色绿榴石（CdS）聚集体，并使用多种技术对其进行了研究，以确定其化学性质，形态，最重要的是确定晶体生长的机制。这些晶体中主要是在晶体顶部带有铋滴的Greenockite棒，线和晶须。Greenockite棒的取向垂直于基材表面。杆的厚度达到5–6μm，长度约为10μm。催化剂铋滴的直径与杆的厚度相当。纤维形式（金属丝和晶须）与基材表面不平行。这些形式的厚度通常小于2μm，长度可以接近1 mm。铋滴直径在纤维厚度上可能显示出很大的余量。晶须顶部的催化剂滴开始动态变化并爆炸，在电子束作用下喷出铋。杆沿[01-10]方向生长，而晶须和线（轴向形式）沿[0001]方向生长。根据VLS（汽-液-固）机理，在不低于270°C的温度下，加热过的基体上形成了带有相对均匀的铋催化剂滴的Greenockite棒状晶体。在低于200°C的温度下，根据VQS（蒸气-准液体-固体）机理，绿晶石晶须和金属丝生长在基材表面的正上方。这些增长机制在自然界很少发生，甚至在燃烧煤堆时也很少发生。还描述了纤维绿晶晶体的协同生长效应。