Ultraviolet radiation is one of the most pervasive environmental interactions with humans. Chronic ultraviolet irradiation increases the danger of skin carcinogenesis. Probably, oxidative stress is the most important mechanism by which ultraviolet radiation implements its damaging effects on normal cells. However, notwithstanding the data referring to the negative effects exerted by light radiation and oxidative stress on carcinogenesis, both factors are used in the treatment of skin cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of the administration of a photosensitiser, which undergoes excitation after suitable irradiation emitted from a light source and generates reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress causes a condition in which cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids, are oxidised and injured. Antitumor effects result from the combination of direct tumour cell photodamage, the destruction of tumour vasculature and the activation of an immune response. In this review, we report the data present in literature dealing with the main signalling molecular pathways modified by oxidative stress after photodynamic therapy to target skin cancer cells. Moreover, we describe the progress made in the design of anti-skin cancer photosensitisers, and the new possibilities of increasing the efficacy of PDT via the use of molecules capable of developing a synergistic antineoplastic action.

中文翻译：

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皮肤癌的氧化应激和光动力疗法：机制，挑战和有希望的发展。

紫外线辐射是与人类最普遍的环境相互作用之一。长期紫外线照射会增加皮肤致癌的危险。氧化应激可能是紫外线辐射对其正常细胞造成破坏作用的最重要机制。然而，尽管数据涉及光辐射和氧化应激对癌变产生的负面影响，但是这两种因素均用于皮肤癌的治疗。光动力疗法（PDT）包括光敏剂的施用，该光敏剂在从光源发出的适当辐射后会受到激发并产生活性氧。氧化应激会导致其中包括DNA，蛋白质和脂质在内的细胞成分被氧化并受到伤害的状况。抗肿瘤作用是由直接的肿瘤细胞光损伤，肿瘤脉管系统的破坏和免疫反应的激活共同产生的。在这篇综述中，我们报告了文献中涉及光动力疗法靶向皮肤癌细胞后被氧化应激修饰的主要信号分子途径的文献数据。此外，我们描述了抗皮肤癌光敏剂设计的进展，以及通过使用能够产生协同抗肿瘤作用的分子来提高PDT功效的新可能性。我们报道了有关光动力疗法靶向皮肤癌细胞后被氧化应激修饰的主要信号分子途径的文献资料。此外，我们描述了抗皮肤癌光敏剂设计的进展，以及通过使用能够产生协同抗肿瘤作用的分子来提高PDT功效的新可能性。我们报道了有关光动力疗法靶向皮肤癌细胞后被氧化应激修饰的主要信号分子途径的文献资料。此外，我们描述了抗皮肤癌光敏剂设计的进展，以及通过使用能够产生协同抗肿瘤作用的分子来提高PDT功效的新可能性。