Concern over global amphibian declines and possible links to agrochemical use has led to research on the endocrine disrupting actions of agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, metals, and mixtures. Amphibians, like other species, have to partition resources for body maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Recent studies suggest that metabolic impairments induced by endocrine disrupting chemicals, and more particularly agrichemicals, may disrupt physiological constraints associated with these limited resources and could cause deleterious effects on growth and reproduction. Metabolic disruption has hardly been considered for amphibian species following agrichemical exposure. As for metamorphosis, the key thyroid hormone-dependent developmental phase for amphibians, it can either be advanced or delayed by agrichemicals with consequences for juvenile and adult health and survival. While numerous agrichemicals affect anuran sexual development, including sex reversal and intersex in several species, little is known about the mechanisms involved in dysregulation of the sex differentiation processes. Adult anurans display stereotypical male mating calls and female phonotaxis responses leading to successful amplexus and spawning. These are hormone-dependent behaviours at the foundation of reproductive success. Therefore, male vocalizations are highly ecologically-relevant and may be a non-invasive low-cost method for the assessment of endocrine disruption at the population level. While it is clear that agrichemicals disrupt multiple endocrine systems in frogs, very little has been uncovered regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms at the basis of these actions. This is surprising, given the importance of the frog models to our deep understanding of developmental biology and thyroid hormone action to understand human health. Several agrichemicals were found to have multiple endocrine effects at once (e.g., targeting both the thyroid and gonadal axes); therefore, the assessment of agrichemicals that alter cross-talk between hormonal systems must be further addressed. Given the diversity of life-history traits in Anura, Caudata, and the Gymnophiona, it is essential that studies on endocrine disruption expand to include the lesser known taxa. Research under ecologically-relevant conditions will also be paramount. Closer collaboration between molecular and cellular endocrinologists and ecotoxicologists and ecologists is thus recommended.

对全球两栖动物数量下降的担忧以及与农药使用的可能联系已导致人们对农药，例如肥料，杀真菌剂，杀虫剂，杀螨剂，除草剂，金属和混合物等农药的内分泌干扰作用进行了研究。与其他物种一样，两栖动物必须分配资源以维持身体，生长和繁殖。最近的研究表明，由内分泌干扰化学物质（尤其是农业化学物质）引起的代谢障碍可能破坏与这些有限资源相关的生理限制，并可能对生长和繁殖造成有害影响。农业化学暴露后，几乎没有考虑对两栖动物进行代谢破坏。至于变形，两栖动物的关键甲状腺激素依赖性发育阶段，农用化学品可能会提前或延误其生长，从而影响少年和成人的健康与生存。尽管许多农药会影响无性动物的性发育，包括几种物种的性逆转和性交，但对性别分化过程失调所涉及的机制知之甚少。成年无尾狐显示出定型的雄性交配电话和雌性视错觉反应，导致成功的丛生和产卵。这些是生殖成功基础上的激素依赖性行为。因此，男性发声与生态高度相关，可能是在人群水平上评估内分泌干扰的一种非侵入性低成本方法。很明显，农药会破坏青蛙的多种内分泌系统，在这些作用的基础上，关于分子和细胞机制的研究还很少。鉴于青蛙模型对我们深入了解发育生物学和甲状腺激素作用以了解人类健康的重要性，这令人惊讶。发现几种农药可同时具有多种内分泌作用（例如，针对甲状腺和性腺轴）；因此，必须进一步解决对改变激素系统之间串扰的农用化学品的评估。鉴于阿努拉（Anura），考达（Caudata）和裸子目（Gymnophiona）的生活史特征的多样性，必须扩大对内分泌干扰的研究，以包括鲜为人知的分类群。在与生态相关的条件下进行研究也将至关重要。