Chemotherapy and targeted therapy have significantly improved the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but patients are inevitably suffering from drug resistance and relapse. With this background, the immunotherapy brings a turnaround for a subset of cancer patients. Over two decades, with the development of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made a breakthrough in NSCLC patients. ICIs targeting the programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1), programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) showed significantly antitumor efficacy, produced durable clinical responses, and prolonged survival by regulating T cell-mediated immunologic responses in patients with advanced/refractory and metastatic NSCLC in clinical trials. This review aims to summarize the recent advances and challenges of ICIs including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, PF-06801591, MEDI0680, atezolizumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, tremelimumab, and other new PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in immunotherapy of NSCLC. We hope to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms, clinical research progress and future research directions of NSCLC immunotherapy.

化学疗法和靶向疗法已显着改善了非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的进展，但患者不可避免地患有耐药性和复发。在这种背景下，免疫疗法为一部分癌症患者带来了转变。在过去的二十多年中，随着免疫疗法的发展，免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）在NSCLC患者中取得了突破。靶向程序性死亡1受体（PD-1），程序性细胞死亡受体配体1（PD-L1）和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4）的ICI显示出显着的抗肿瘤功效，产生了持久的临床反应并延长了疗程在临床试验中，通过调节晚期/难治性和转移性NSCLC患者的T细胞介导的免疫反应来维持生存。这篇综述旨在总结包括Nivolumab，Pembrolizumab，PF-06801591，MEDI0680，atezolizumab，durvalumab，ipilimumab，tremelimumab和其他新型PD-1 / PD-L1和CTLA-4抑制剂在内的ICI在NSCLC免疫治疗中的最新进展和挑战。 。我们希望对NSCLC免疫疗法的机理，临床研究进展和未来的研究方向有更好的了解。