Abstract Metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, as well as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly atherosclerosis, are still leading causes of death worldwide. Plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are currently being considered as a critical risk factor for the diseases mentioned above, especially atherosclerosis. Because of the heterogeneous nature of LDL, many studies have already been conducted on its subclasses, especially small dense LDL (sdLDL). According to available evidence, sdLDL levels can be considered as an ideal alternative to LDL levels for monitoring CVD and early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Recently, several researchers have focused on factors that are able to decrease sdLDL levels and improve health quality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the production process of sdLDL particles and review the effects of pharmaceutical and dietary agents as well as lifestyle on sdLDL plasma levels. In brief, their mechanisms of action are discussed. Apparently, cholesterol and LDL-lowering compounds are also effective in the reduction of sdLDL levels. In addition, improving lipid profile, especially the reduction of triglyceride levels, appropriate regimen, and lifestyle can decrease sdLDL levels. Therefore, all the aforementioned parameters should be taken into consideration simultaneously in sdLDL levels reducing strategies.

中文翻译：

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小而密的低密度脂蛋白降低剂

摘要 代谢紊乱，包括肥胖、糖尿病和高脂血症，以及心血管疾病（CVD），特别是动脉粥样硬化，仍然是世界范围内的主要死亡原因。低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 的血浆水平目前被认为是上述疾病，尤其是动脉粥样硬化的关键危险因素。由于低密度脂蛋白的异质性，已经对其亚类进行了许多研究，特别是小密度低密度脂蛋白（sdLDL）。根据现有证据，sdLDL 水平可被视为 LDL 水平的理想替代品，用于监测 CVD 和早期诊断动脉粥样硬化。最近，一些研究人员将重点放在能够降低 sdLDL 水平和改善健康质量的因素上。所以，本研究的目的是描述 sdLDL 颗粒的生产过程，并回顾药物和饮食因素以及生活方式对 sdLDL 血浆水平的影响。简而言之，讨论了它们的作用机制。显然，降低胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白的化合物也能有效降低 sdLDL 水平。此外，改善血脂状况，尤其是降低甘油三酯水平、适当的治疗方案和生活方式可以降低 sdLDL 水平。因此，在降低 sdLDL 水平的策略中应同时考虑所有上述参数。胆固醇和降低 LDL 的化合物也可有效降低 sdLDL 水平。此外，改善血脂状况，尤其是降低甘油三酯水平、适当的治疗方案和生活方式可以降低 sdLDL 水平。因此，在降低 sdLDL 水平的策略中应同时考虑所有上述参数。胆固醇和降低 LDL 的化合物也可有效降低 sdLDL 水平。此外，改善血脂状况，尤其是降低甘油三酯水平、适当的治疗方案和生活方式可以降低 sdLDL 水平。因此，在降低 sdLDL 水平的策略中应同时考虑所有上述参数。