Sensory systems utilize temporal structure in the environment to build expectations about the timing of forthcoming events. We investigated the effects of rhythm-based temporal expectation on auditory responses measured with EEG recorded from the frontocentral sites implicated in auditory processing. By manipulating temporal expectation and the interonset interval (IOI) of tones, we examined how neural responses adapted to auditory rhythm and reacted to stimuli that violated the rhythm. Participants passively listened to the tones while watching a silent nature video. In Experiment 1 (n = 22), in the long-IOI block, tones were frequently presented (80%) with 1.7-sec IOI and infrequently presented (20%) with 1.2-sec IOI, generating unexpectedly early tones that violated temporal expectation. Conversely, in the short-IOI block, tones were frequently presented with 1.2-sec IOI and infrequently presented with 1.7-sec IOI, generating late tones. We analyzed the tone-evoked N1–P2 amplitude of ERPs and intertrial phase clustering in the theta–alpha band. The results provided evidence of strong delay-dependent adaptation effects (short-term, sensitive to IOI), weak cumulative adaptation effects (long-term, driven by tone repetition over time), and robust temporal-expectation violation effects over and above the adaptation effects. Experiment 2 (n = 22) repeated Experiment 1 with shorter IOIs of 1.2 and 0.7 sec. Overall, we found evidence of strong delay-dependent adaptation effects, weak cumulative adaptation effects (which may most efficiently accumulate at the tone presentation rate of ∼1 Hz), and robust temporal-expectation violation effects that substantially boost auditory responses to the extent of overriding the delay-dependent adaptation effects likely through mechanisms involved in exogenous attention.

感官系统利用环境中的时间结构来建立对即将发生的事件时间的期望。我们调查了基于节奏的时间期望对听觉反应的影响，这些反应是从与听觉处理有关的额中枢部位记录的 EEG 测量的。通过操纵时间期望和音调的间期间隔 (IOI)，我们检查了神经反应如何适应听觉节奏并对违反节奏的刺激做出反应。参与者在观看无声的自然视频时被动地聆听音调。在实验 1 ( n= 22)，在长 IOI 块中，1.7 秒 IOI 经常出现 (80%) 音调，1.2 秒 IOI 很少出现 (20%)，产生意外的早期音调，违反了时间预期。相反，在短 IOI 块中，音调经常以 1.2 秒 IOI 呈现，很少以 1.7 秒 IOI 呈现，产生迟音。我们分析了 ERPs 的音调诱发的 N1-P2 振幅和 theta-alpha 波段中的试验间相位聚类。结果提供了强延迟依赖性适应效应（短期，对 IOI 敏感）、弱累积适应效应（长期，随着时间的推移由音调重复驱动）以及超出适应的强大的时间期望违反效应的证据效果。实验 2 ( n= 22) 用 1.2 和 0.7 秒的较短 IOI 重复实验 1。总体而言，我们发现了强延迟依赖性适应效应、弱累积适应效应（可能最有效地以约 1 Hz 的音调呈现率累积）和强大的时间期望违反效应的证据，这些效应显着提高了听觉反应的程度可能通过涉及外源注意力的机制来覆盖延迟依赖性适应效应。