The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a significant role in nutrient uptake, vitamin synthesis, energy harvest, inflammatory modulation, and host immune response, collectively contributing to human health. Important factors such as age, birth method, antibiotic use, and diet have been established as formative factors that shape the gut microbiota. Yet, less described is the role that exercise plays, particularly how associated factors and stressors, such as sport/exercise-specific diet, environment, and their interactions, may influence the gut microbiota. In particular, high-level athletes offer remarkable physiology and metabolism (including muscular strength/power, aerobic capacity, energy expenditure, and heat production) compared to sedentary individuals, and provide unique insight in gut microbiota research. In addition, the gut microbiota with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal health, likely plays an important role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms in which the gut microbiota could play in the role of influencing athletic performance is of considerable interest to athletes who work to improve their results in competition as well as reduce recovery time during training. Ultimately this research is expected to extend beyond athletics as understanding optimal fitness has applications for overall health and wellness in larger communities. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge of the athletic gut microbiota and the factors that shape it. Exercise, associated dietary factors, and the athletic classification promote a more “health-associated” gut microbiota. Such features include a higher abundance of health-promoting bacterial species, increased microbial diversity, functional metabolic capacity, and microbial-associated metabolites, stimulation of bacterial abundance that can modulate mucosal immunity, and improved gastrointestinal barrier function.

中文翻译：

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运动肠道菌群

胃肠道中的微生物在营养吸收、维生素合成、能量收集、炎症调节和宿主免疫反应方面发挥着重要作用，共同为人类健康做出贡献。年龄、出生方式、抗生素使用和饮食等重要因素已被确定为塑造肠道微生物群的形成因素。然而，很少有人描述运动所起的作用，特别是相关因素和压力因素，如运动/运动特定的饮食、环境及其相互作用，可能如何影响肠道微生物群。特别是，与久坐不动的人相比，高水平运动员提供了非凡的生理和新陈代谢（包括肌肉力量/力量、有氧能力、能量消耗和产热），并提供了对肠道微生物群研究的独特见解。此外，肠道微生物群具有收集能量、调节免疫系统和影响胃肠健康的能力，可能在运动员的健康、幸福感和运动表现中发挥重要作用。因此，了解肠道微生物群在影响运动表现中的作用机制对于努力提高比赛成绩并缩短训练恢复时间的运动员来说非常重要。最终，这项研究有望扩展到体育之外，因为了解最佳健身对更大社区的整体健康和健康有应用。因此，这篇叙述性综述的目的是总结目前对运动肠道微生物群及其形成因素的了解。运动，相关的饮食因素，运动分类促进了更“健康相关”的肠道微生物群。这些特征包括促进健康的细菌种类的丰度更高，微生物多样性、功能代谢能力和微生物相关代谢物的增加，刺激可以调节粘膜免疫的细菌丰度，以及改善胃肠道屏障功能。