Rapid identification of pathogen and its resistance to antimicrobial drugs, and subsequent appropriate antimicrobial treatment are essential for correct patient outcomes. Conventional detection methods of bacterial resistance, such as disc diffusion, broth microdilution and automated instruments, are constantly widely used and primarily standardized. Nevertheless, the results cannot be obtained earlier than 48 h after receiving a sample, which may lead to prolonged use or overuse of broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Hence, there is a drive to develop and introduce novel, faster, standardized, sensitive and specific methods with reliable results into routine microbiological laboratory practice. Recently developed matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) has been introduced in recent years into laboratory practice, and methods based on microfluidics and microdroplets might be introduced in the near future. This review is focused on the methods and instruments in use both currently and in the foreseeable future, applicable to determine antimicrobial efficacy in clinical microbiology laboratories.

中文翻译：

---

抗菌药物敏感性测试：当前使用的方法和设备以及临床实践中的不久将来。

快速识别病原体及其对抗菌药物的耐药性，以及随后进行适当的抗菌治疗，对于正确的患者预后至关重要。常规的细菌抗药性检测方法，例如圆盘扩散法，肉汤微量稀释法和自动化仪器，一直被广泛使用和初步标准化。但是，不能在收到样品后48小时之内获得结果，这可能导致长期使用或过度使用广谱抗生素。因此，有一种驱动力来开发新颖的，更快的，标准化的，敏感的和特定的方法并将其引入常规微生物实验室实践中，并获得可靠的结果。近年来，最近开发的基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）已进入实验室实践，并且可能在不久的将来引入基于微流体和微滴的方法。这项审查的重点是当前和可预见的将来可用于确定临床微生物学实验室中抗菌功效的方法和仪器。