Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The widespread use of antimicrobials as prophylactic, therapeutic, and growth promoters in both livestock and human medicine has resulted in selective pressure regarding antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This systematic review summarizes phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolates from human and swine sources between 1990 and 2018 in Brazil. The 20 studies that matched the eligibility criteria—isolates from pigs and humans from Brazil, between 1990 and 2016, containing information on the number of Salmonella isolates, and applying the disk diffusion susceptibility method—were included. During the assessed period, Salmonella strains isolated from swine sources displayed the highest resistance rates for tetracycline (20.3%) and sulfonamides (17.4%). In contrast, human isolates displayed the highest resistance rates against ampicillin (19.8%) and tetracycline (17%). Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent AMR isolate from both swine and human sources, corresponding to 67% of all isolates. From 2001 to 2005, tetracycline and ampicillin were the top antimicrobial resistance compounds, and the most frequently detected in swine and human sources, respectively. A total of 63 and 58 multiple drug resistance profiles were identified in swine and human isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance has decreased throughout the 1990–2016 period, except for gentamicin and nalidixic acid in swine and human isolates, respectively. The results indicate that Salmonella isolated from human and swine display resistance against clinically important antimicrobials, indicating that swine are possibly one of the main vectors for spreading human salmonellosis in Brazil.

中文翻译：

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巴西人和猪源性非伤寒沙门氏菌的抗菌素耐药性：过去三个十年的系统综述。

沙门氏菌是全球食源性疾病的主要原因。在牲畜和人类医学中，抗菌素作为预防，治疗和生长促进剂的广泛使用已导致对抗菌素耐药（AMR）细菌的选择性压力。这项系统的综述总结了1990年至2018年之间巴西人和猪源沙门氏菌分离株的表型抗菌素耐药性。纳入了符合资格标准的20项研究（1990年至2016年间来自巴西的猪和人的分离株），其中包含有关沙门氏菌分离株数量的信息，并应用了磁盘扩散敏感性方法。在评估期间，沙门氏菌从猪源分离出的菌株对四环素（20.3％）和磺酰胺（17.4％）显示出最高的耐药率。相反，人类分离株对氨苄西林（19.8％）和四环素（17％）的耐药率最高。沙门氏菌鼠伤寒是来自猪和人的最常见的AMR分离株，占所有分离株的67％。从2001年到2005年，四环素和氨苄青霉素是最重要的抗药性化合物，分别在猪和人源中检出率最高。在猪和人分离株中分别鉴定出总共63和58种多重耐药性。在1990年至2016年期间，除猪和人分离株中的庆大霉素和萘啶酸外，抗生素耐药性均下降。结果表明，从人和猪分离出的沙门氏菌显示出对临床上重要的抗菌药的耐药性，表明猪可能是在巴西传播人沙门氏菌病的主要载体之一。