INTRODUCTION Exposure to biomass smoke, cigarettes, alcohol, and the impairment of immunoregulation are considered to be risk factors for tuberculosis. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) -308G/A and -238G/A gene polymorphisms have been associated with tuberculosis. However, the results remain inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine the association between TNF polymorphisms and tuberculosis in the presence of biomass smoke, cigarettes, and alcohol in a Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS TNF polymorphisms were determined in 118 tuberculosis patients and 223 controls. We performed a univariate, bivariate, stratified analysis. Odds ratios, confidence intervals, and p-values were calculated. RESULTS Occupational biomass smoke exposure was associated with tuberculosis between the patients and controls (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.08-2.70, p = 0.02). We also found an association of the -308A allele carriers between the patients and controls without exposure to occupational (p = 0.04, OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.01-0.92) and in-home (p = 0.02, OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.01-0.81) biomass smoke, as well as an association with alcohol (p = 0.01, OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.05-0.75). The haplotype analysis revealed an association of the -308A/-238G haplotype between patients and nonconsanguineous controls without exposure to occupational (p = 0.02, OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01-0.99) and in-home (p = 0.01, OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01-0.9) biomass smoke, cigarette use (p = 0.04, OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08-0.98), and alcohol (p = 0.02, OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.88) intake. CONCLUSIONS The TNF -308A allele and the -308A/-238G haplotype are associated with tuberculosis, as are exposure to biomass smoke, cigarettes, and alcohol. No association for the -238G/A polymorphism was found. Our results provide insight into a possible protective role of TNF polymorphisms in tuberculosis in our population.

中文翻译：

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暴露于生物质烟雾、香烟和酒精会改变墨西哥携带者中肿瘤坏死因子（-308G/A、-238G/A）多态性与结核病之间的关联。

引言 接触生物质烟雾、香烟、酒精和免疫调节受损被认为是结核病的危险因素。肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) -308G/A 和 -238G/A 基因多态性与结核病有关。但是，结果仍然不一致。本研究的目的是确定在墨西哥人群中存在生物质烟雾、香烟和酒精的情况下，TNF 多态性与结核病之间的关联。材料和方法 TNF 多态性在 118 名肺结核患者和 223 名对照中进行了测定。我们进行了单变量、双变量、分层分析。计算优势比、置信区间和 p 值。结果 职业生物质烟雾暴露与患者和对照组之间的结核病相关（OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.08-2.70, p = 0. 02)。我们还发现 -308A 等位基因携带者在患者和未接触职业（p = 0.04，OR = 0.16，95% CI：0.01-0.92）和在家（p = 0.02，OR = 0.14， 95% CI：0.01-0.81) 生物质烟雾，以及与酒精的关联（p = 0.01，OR = 0.24，95% CI：0.05-0.75）。单倍型分析揭示了 -308A/-238G 单倍型在患者和非血缘对照之间存在关联，而没有暴露于职业 (p = 0.02, OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01-0.99) 和在家中 (p = 0.01, OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01-0.9) 生物质烟雾、香烟使用 (p = 0.04, OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08-0.98) 和酒精 (p = 0.02, OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05 -0.88) 摄入量。结论 TNF -308A 等位基因和 -308A/-238G 单倍型与肺结核有关，暴露于生物质烟雾、香烟和酒精中也是如此。没有发现-238G/A 多态性的关联。我们的结果提供了对我们人群中 TNF 多态性在结核病中可能的保护作用的深入了解。