Arousal and sleep represent fundamental physiological domains, and alterations in the form of insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (increased propensity for falling asleep or increased sleep duration) are prevalent clinical problems. Current first-line treatments include psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite significant success, a number of patients do not benefit sufficiently. Progress is limited by an incomplete understanding of the ­neurobiology of insomnia and hypersomnia. This work summarizes current concepts of the regulation of arousal and sleep and its modulation through noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic, current, and auditory stimulation. Particularly, we suggest: (1) characterization of patients with sleep problems – across diagnostic entities of mental disorders – based on specific alterations of sleep, including alterations of sleep slow waves, sleep spindles, cross-frequency coupling of brain oscillations, local sleep-wake regulation, and REM sleep and (2) targeting these with specific NIBS techniques. While evidence is accumulating that the modulation of specific alterations of sleep through NIBS is feasible, it remains to be tested whether this translates to clinically relevant effects and new treatment developments.
Neuropsychobiology

中文翻译：

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通过无创性脑刺激来靶向唤醒和睡眠，以改善心理健康。

唤醒和睡眠代表基本的生理领域，失眠（难以入睡或难以入睡）或失眠（入睡倾向增加或睡眠时间增加）形式的改变是普遍存在的临床问题。当前的一线治疗包括心理治疗和药物治疗。尽管取得了巨大的成功，但许多患者仍未从中受益。对失眠和失眠的神经生物学的不完全了解限制了进展。这项工作总结了通过无创性脑刺激（NIBS），包括经颅磁刺激，电流刺激和听觉刺激来调节唤醒和睡眠及其调节的当前概念。特别是，我们建议：（1）根据特定的睡眠变化（包括睡眠慢波，睡眠纺锤体，大脑振荡的跨频耦合变化，局部睡眠-觉醒调节和REM），对精神疾病的诊断实体中的睡眠问题患者进行表征睡眠和（2）使用特定的NIBS技术针对这些目标。尽管有越来越多的证据表明通过NIBS调节睡眠的特定改变是可行的，但尚需检验这是否转化为临床相关效应和新的治疗方法。
神经心理生物学