We examined the relationships among gender, planning, and academic expectations through the testing of two alternative models with latent variables tested with LISREL 8.80: one model considered planning as a mediator of the relationship between gender and academic expectations, and the other model considered academic expectations as mediators of the relationship between gender and planning. Participants were 662 first-year higher-education students from two academic years, predominantly female (60%) and mainly with majors in the juridical-social field (66.2%). The Inventario sobre Estrategias Metacognitivas (IEM; Inventory of Metacognitive Strategies) and the Academic Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) were applied at the beginning of the first semester to assess planning and academic expectations, respectively. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the IEM’s structure after examining its psychometric properties with the sample from the first academic year (N = 338). The test of the alternative mediation models with the full sample indicates that the best model was that with planning as a mediator. In this model, gender directly predicted only two APQ academic expectations, but with the mediation of planning, gender predicted all seven academic expectations. Women showed higher levels of academic expectations and planning than did men. The results are discussed at both the theoretical and practical levels.

中文翻译：

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高等教育一年级学生的性别，计划和学术期望：测试两种替代性调解模型。

我们通过使用LISREL 8.80检验的两个具有潜在变量的替代模型的测试，检验了性别，计划和学术期望之间的关系：一种模型认为计划是性别与学术期望之间关系的中介者，另一种模型认为学术期望作为性别与计划之间关系的调解人。参加者为来自两个学年的662名第一年高等教育学生，主要为女性（60％），主要是法学社会领域的专业（66.2％）。在第一学期开始时，分别应用了Inventario的Sele Estrategias Metacognitivas（IEM； Metacognitive Strategies目录）和Academic Perceptions问卷（APQ）来分别评估计划和学业期望。在使用第一学年（N = 338）的样本检查了IEM的心理计量特性后，使用多组确认性因子分析来测试IEM的结构。对带有完整样本的替代中介模型的测试表明，最好的模型是以计划为中介的模型。在此模型中，性别仅直接预测了两个APQ学习期望，但在计划的调节下，性别预测了所有七个学习期望。女性比男性表现出更高的学业期望和计划水平。在理论和实践层面都对结果进行了讨论。对带有完整样本的替代中介模型的测试表明，最好的模型是以计划为中介的模型。在此模型中，性别仅直接预测了两个APQ学习期望，但在计划的调节下，性别预测了所有七个学习期望。女性比男性表现出更高的学业期望和计划水平。在理论和实践层面都对结果进行了讨论。对带有完整样本的替代中介模型的测试表明，最好的模型是以计划为中介的模型。在此模型中，性别仅直接预测了两个APQ学习期望，但在计划的调节下，性别预测了所有七个学习期望。女性比男性表现出更高的学业期望和计划水平。在理论和实践层面都对结果进行了讨论。