ABSTRACT Although an electrohypersensitivity (EHS) is reported in numerous studies, some authors associate hyperfrequencies (HF)-related pains with a nocebo effect while others suggest a biological effect. Therefore, we aimed to suggest hypotheses about the complex mechanisms of headaches related to HF-exposure. We crossed basic features of headaches with relevant studies (from the year 2000 up to 2018) emphasizing on the HF effects that may lead to pain genesis: neuroglial dysmetabolism, neuroinflammation, changes in cerebral blood perfusion, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and electrophysiological evidences of hyperexcitability. We privileged studies implying a sham exposure (for in vivo studies) and a specific absorption rate lower than 4 W/Kg. HF-induced headaches may involve an indirect inflammatory process (neurogenic, magnetogenic or thermogenic) as well as a direct biophysical effect (thermogenic or magnetogenic). We linked inflammatory processes to meningeal dysperfusion or primary neuroglial dysfunction triggered by non-thermal irradiation or HF-induced heating at thermal powers. In the latter case, HF-induced excitoxicity and oxidative stress probably play a crucial role. Such disorders may lead to vascular-trigeminal activation in predisposed people. Interestingly, an abnormal oxidative stress predisposition had been demonstrated in overall 80% of EHS self-reporting patients. In the case of direct effects, pain pathways’ activation may be directly triggered by HF-irradiation (heating and/or transcranial HF-induced ectopic action potentials). Further research on HF-related headaches is needed.

中文翻译：

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与电磁超频率相关的头痛之谜：支持非心因性痛觉过程的假设

摘要 尽管在许多研究中报告了电过敏 (EHS)，但一些作者将高频率 (HF) 相关的疼痛与反安慰剂效应联系起来，而其他人则认为是生物效应。因此，我们旨在提出与 HF 暴露相关的头痛复杂机制的假设。我们将头痛的基本特征与相关研究（从 2000 年到 2018 年）交叉，强调可能导致疼痛发生的 HF 影响：神经胶质代谢障碍、神经炎症、脑血流灌注改变、血脑屏障功能障碍和电生理学证据过度兴奋。我们优先研究暗示假暴露（用于体内研究）和低于 4 W/Kg 的特定吸收率。HF 诱发的头痛可能涉及间接炎症过程（神经源性、磁或热）以及直接的生物物理效应（热或磁）。我们将炎症过程与由非热辐射或 HF 诱导的热功率加热引发的脑膜灌注不良或原发性神经胶质功能障碍联系起来。在后一种情况下，HF 诱导的兴奋毒性和氧化应激可能起着至关重要的作用。此类疾病可能导致易感人群的血管-三叉神经激活。有趣的是，总体上 80% 的 EHS 自我报告患者表现出异常的氧化应激倾向。在直接作用的情况下，疼痛通路的激活可能由 HF 辐射（加热和/或经颅 HF 诱导的异位动作电位）直接触发。需要进一步研究与 HF 相关的头痛。