BACKGROUND In this research, we examine the relationship between goal-directed rumination, psychological distress, and performance. Although previous research has largely contributed to our understanding of how these constructs are related, the direction of their relationships remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We argue that goal-directed rumination and psychological distress (conceived as perceived stress and strain) are reciprocally related, and that goal-directed rumination has a positive effect on performance when controlling for the negative effect of psychological distress. DESIGN We explored these relationships in a longitudinal field study, drawing on multiple sources: self-reports of 147 students on goal-directed rumination and psychological distress and objective ratings of academic performance. METHOD Based on structural equation modelling, we employed a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model and hierarchical regressions to examine our hypotheses. RESULTS We demonstrated that goal-directed rumination predicted perceived stress one week later but not vice versa, while its relationship to strain was less clear. Furthermore, goal-directed rumination positively predicted academic performance when we controlled for psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for a unidirectional relationship between goal-directed rumination and psychological distress, especially for perceived stress. Additionally, we observed that psychological distress diminishes the beneficial effect of goal-directed rumination on academic performance.

中文翻译：

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学业成绩：关于目标导向反刍和心理困扰作用的纵向研究。

背景 在这项研究中，我们研究了目标导向的反刍、心理困扰和表现之间的关系。尽管之前的研究在很大程度上有助于我们理解这些结构之间的关系，但它们之间的关系方向仍不清楚。目标我们认为，目标导向的沉思和心理困扰（被认为是感知压力和紧张）是相互关联的，当控制心理困扰的负面影响时，目标导向的沉思对绩效有积极的影响。设计我们在纵向实地研究中探索了这些关系，利用多个来源：147 名学生关于目标导向的反思和心理困扰的自我报告以及学业成绩的客观评级。方法 基于结构方程模型，我们采用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型和分层回归来检验我们的假设。结果 我们证明，目标导向的反刍可以预测一周后的感知压力，反之则不然，而其与压力的关系则不太清楚。此外，当我们控制心理困扰时，以目标为导向的反思会积极预测学业成绩。结论 我们发现了目标导向的沉思与心理困扰之间存在单向关系的证据，尤其是感知压力。此外，我们观察到心理困扰会削弱目标导向的反思对学业成绩的有益影响。结果 我们证明，目标导向的反刍可以预测一周后的感知压力，反之则不然，而其与压力的关系则不太清楚。此外，当我们控制心理困扰时，以目标为导向的反思会积极预测学业成绩。结论 我们发现了目标导向的沉思与心理困扰之间存在单向关系的证据，尤其是感知压力。此外，我们观察到心理困扰会削弱目标导向的反思对学业成绩的有益影响。结果 我们证明，目标导向的反刍可以预测一周后的感知压力，反之则不然，而其与压力的关系则不太清楚。此外，当我们控制心理困扰时，以目标为导向的反思会积极预测学业成绩。结论 我们发现了目标导向的沉思与心理困扰之间存在单向关系的证据，尤其是感知压力。此外，我们观察到心理困扰会削弱目标导向的反思对学业成绩的有益影响。结论 我们发现了目标导向的沉思与心理困扰之间存在单向关系的证据，尤其是感知压力。此外，我们观察到心理困扰会削弱目标导向的反思对学业成绩的有益影响。结论 我们发现了目标导向的沉思与心理困扰之间存在单向关系的证据，尤其是感知压力。此外，我们观察到心理困扰会削弱目标导向的反思对学业成绩的有益影响。