There are stable between-person differences in an internalizing "trait," or the propensity to experience symptoms of internalizing disorders, such as social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. Trait internalizing may serve as a marker of heightened risk for problem alcohol outcomes (such as heavier drinking, binge drinking, or alcohol dependence). However, prior research on the association between internalizing symptoms and alcohol outcomes has been largely mixed in adolescence, with more consistent support for an association during adulthood. It may be that trait internalizing is only associated with problem alcohol outcomes in adulthood, after individuals have gained experience with alcohol. Some evidence suggested that these effects may be stronger for women than men. We used data from a community sample (n = 790) interviewed during adolescence (ages 14-16) and again at ages 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 39. Using generalized estimating equations, we tested the association between trait internalizing and alcohol outcomes during both adolescence and adulthood, and tested whether adult trait internalizing mediated the association between adolescent trait internalizing and adult alcohol outcomes. Trait internalizing in adulthood (but not adolescence) was associated with more frequent alcohol use, binge drinking and symptoms of alcohol use disorders, and mediated the effects of adolescent trait internalizing on alcohol outcomes. We observed no moderation by gender or change in these associations over time. Understanding the developmental pathways of trait internalizing may provide further insights into preventing the emergence of problem alcohol use behavior during adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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经历内化症状的特质倾向与整个成年期的酒精问题有关，但与青春期无关。

人与人之间的内化“特质”或出现内化障碍症状的倾向存在稳定的差异，例如社交焦虑、广泛性焦虑症和抑郁症。特质内化可能是酒精问题风险升高的标志（例如酗酒、酗酒或酒精依赖）。然而，先前关于内化症状与酒精结果之间关联的研究在青春期时基本上是混杂的，而对于成年期的关联的支持更为一致。特质内化可能只与成年后的酗酒问题相关，在个体获得了饮酒经验之后。一些证据表明，这些影响对女性来说可能比男性更强。我们使用了青春期（14-16 岁）以及 21、24、27、30、33 和 39 岁时采访的社区样本（n = 790）的数据。使用广义估计方程，我们测试了特质内化之间的关联以及青春期和成年期间的酒精结果，并测试了成人特质内化是否介导了青少年特质内化与成人酒精结果之间的关联。成年期（但不是青春期）的特质内化与更频繁的饮酒、酗酒和酒精使用障碍症状相关，并介导了青少年特质内化对酒精结果的影响。我们没有观察到这些关联随着时间的推移而受到性别的调节或变化。了解特质内化的发展途径可能会为预防成年期间出现问题饮酒行为提供进一步的见解。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。