Our understanding of the gut system has been revolutionized over the past decade, in particular regarding its role in immune control and psychological regulation. The vagus nerve is a crucial link between gut and brain, transmitting diverse gut-derived signals, and has been implicated in many gastrointestinal, neurological, and immunological disorders. Using state-of-the-art technologies including single-cell genomic analysis, real-time neural activity recording, trans-synaptic tracing, and electron microscopy, novel physiological functions of vagal gut afferents have been uncovered, and new gut-to-brain pathways have been revealed. Here, we review the most recent findings on vagal sensory neurons and the gut-brain signaling, focusing on the anatomical basis and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Such new discoveries explain some of the old puzzling problems and also raise new questions in this exciting and rapidly growing field.

中文翻译：

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迷走神经感觉神经元和肠脑信号。

在过去十年中，我们对肠道系统的理解发生了翻天覆地的变化，特别是关于它在免疫控制和心理调节中的作用。迷走神经是肠道和大脑之间的重要纽带，传输多种肠道衍生信号，并与许多胃肠道、神经系统和免疫系统疾病有关。使用最先进的技术，包括单细胞基因组分析、实时神经活动记录、跨突触追踪和电子显微镜，已经发现迷走神经肠道传入的新生理功能，以及新的肠道到大脑路径已被揭示。在这里，我们回顾了关于迷走神经感觉神经元和肠-脑信号传导的最新发现，重点关注解剖学基础以及潜在的分子和细胞机制。