Tumors are surrounded by complex environmental components, including blood and lymph vessels, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and extracellular matrix. All the stromal components together with the tumor cells form the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, extracellular physical and chemical factors, including extracellular pH, hypoxia, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and fibrosis, are closely associated with tumor progression, metastasis, immunosuppression, and drug resistance. Cellular and extracellular components in TME contribute to nearly all procedures of carcinogenesis. By summarizing the recent work in this field, we make a comprehensive review on the role of cellular and extracellular components in the process of carcinogenesis and their potential application in early diagnosis of cancer. We hope that a systematic review of the diverse aspects of TME will help both research scientists and clinicians in this field.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤微环境中的细胞和细胞外成分及其在癌症的早期诊断中的应用。

肿瘤周围有复杂的环境成分，包括血液和淋巴管，成纤维细胞，内皮细胞，免疫细胞，细胞因子，细胞外囊泡和细胞外基质。所有基质成分与肿瘤细胞一起形成肿瘤微环境（TME）。此外，细胞外的物理和化学因素，包括细胞外的pH值，低氧，间质液压力升高和纤维化，与肿瘤的进展，转移，免疫抑制和耐药性密切相关。TME中的细胞和细胞外成分几乎参与了所有癌变过程。通过总结该领域的最新工作，我们对细胞和细胞外成分在致癌过程中的作用及其在癌症的早期诊断中的潜在应用进行了全面的综述。我们希望对TME的各个方面进行系统的审查将有助于该领域的研究科学家和临床医生。