Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived overwhelmingly from the study of male rodents. This Review describes how the recent adoption by a number of funding agencies of policies mandating the incorporation of sex as a biological variable into preclinical research has correlated with an increase in the number of studies investigating sex differences in pain and analgesia. Trends in the field are analysed, with a focus on newly published findings of qualitative sex differences: that is, those findings that are suggestive of differential processing mechanisms in each sex. It is becoming increasingly clear that robust differences exist in the genetic, molecular, cellular and systems-level mechanisms of acute and chronic pain processing in male and female rodents and humans.

中文翻译：

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疼痛处理中的定性性别差异：有偏见的文献的新证据。

尽管大多数患有慢性疼痛的患者是女性，但有关疼痛处理和慢性疼痛的病理生理学的临床前文献历来是从雄性啮齿动物的研究中获得的。这篇评论描述了一些资助机构最近采取的强制将性别作为生物学变量纳入临床前研究的政策如何与研究疼痛和止痛方面性别差异的研究数量增加相关联。分析该领域的趋势，重点是新发表的定性性别差异的发现：即那些暗示每种性别存在不同加工机制的发现。越来越明显的是，遗传，分子，