Abstract Remanufacturing is one of the most examined topics in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) literature. However, we still have limited knowledge on the characteristics of the market for remanufactured products. This study addresses this gap by using a big data analytics framework. We employ off-the-shelf, pre-trained vectors created with the Global Vectors for Word Representation (GloVe) word embedding method from a data set crawled from the Internet. The Louvain method subsequently provides us with clusters based on remanufacturing and related terms, without requiring human interactions. Our findings provide the following main insights. First, remanufacturing and related terms are associated with specific industries and products, among which printing equipment, automobiles and car parts, treadmills, consumer electronics, and household appliances. Among the terms capturing remanufacturing activity, remanufactured, reconditioned, and rebuilt are strongly associated with business-to-business and slow clockspeed products, while refurbished is mostly associated with business-to-consumer and fast clockspeed products. Second, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are much more salient than independent remanufacturers, and Japanese OEMs are especially well represented as players in the market for remanufacturing. Third, environmental concerns only appear weakly in the discourse surrounding product recovery, while consumers do seem to place emphasis on quality and price. In a final part of the study, we contrast the CLSC academic literature with the clusters obtained through our big data analysis, thereby identifying industries, products, and brands that are understudied. We also outline the practical implications of our work for managers involved in setting up a remanufacturing strategy, as well as regulators.

中文翻译：

---

绘制再制造市场：“大数据”分析的应用

摘要 再制造是闭环供应链 (CLSC) 文献中研究最多的主题之一。然而，我们对再制造产品市场的特征仍知之甚少。本研究通过使用大数据分析框架解决了这一差距。我们采用现成的、预先训练的向量，这些向量是通过从互联网上爬取的数据集使用全局向量词表示 (GloVe) 词嵌入方法创建的。Louvain 方法随后为我们提供了基于再制造和相关术语的集群，而无需人工交互。我们的发现提供了以下主要见解。首先，再制造及相关术语与特定行业和产品相关，其中印刷设备、汽车及汽车零部件、跑步机、消费电子、和家用电器。在捕获再制造活动的术语中，再制造、翻新和重建与企业对企业和慢时钟产品密切相关，而翻新则主要与企业对消费者和快速时钟产品相关。其次，原始设备制造商 (OEM) 比独立再制造商要突出得多，而日本 OEM 在再制造市场中的表现尤为突出。第三，在围绕产品回收的讨论中，环境问题只显得微弱，而消费者似乎确实重视质量和价格。在研究的最后一部分，我们将 CLSC 学术文献与通过大数据分析获得的集群进行对比，从而识别行业、产品、和未被充分研究的品牌。我们还概述了我们的工作对参与制定再制造战略的管理人员以及监管机构的实际影响。