The lack of anthelmintic products licensed for donkeys and the rising number of small donkey milk farms in the countries of Western Europe and Italy have led to an increased interest in the study of reliable and safe plant-derived treatment alternatives. In this study, the aqueous extracts of Achillea millefolium L. (flowers), Artemisia absinthium L. (aerial parts), Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (flowers), Gentiana asclepiadea L. (rhizomes and roots), Inula helenium L. (rhizomes and roots) and Tanacetum vulgare L. (aerial parts), have been tested in vitro for their potential ovicidal and larvicidal activity against donkey nematodes. An egg-hatching assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA) were performed for the in vitro study, and median lethal concentration (LC-50) values for both EHA and LDA were calculated using probit analysis. All tested plant extracts showed strong anthelmintic activity against strongyle eggs and larvae at concentrations ranging between 125 and 1.95 mg/ml, except for C. erythraea, which exhibited very little or no effect at all at the tested concentrations. A strong ovicidal effect was observed in A. absinthium, with an LC-50 value of 0.486 mg/ml (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21–1.09). Gentiana asclepiadea showed high efficacy against strongyle larvae, with an LC-50 value of 0.041 mg/ml (95% CI 0.01–0.16). The most significant (P < 0.01) anthelmintic activity was exhibited by I. helenium, with an LC-50 value of 0.041 mg/ml (95% CI 0.01–0.16) for EHA and 0.41 mg/ml (95% CI 0.27–0.62) for LDA. The results proved the anthelmintic efficacy of the tested plant extracts, highlighting the need for further research into plant bioactive molecules both in vitro and in vivo.

中文翻译：

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六种药用植物水提物对驴圆线虫的体外驱虫活性评估

在西欧国家和意大利，缺乏许可用于驴的驱虫产品以及小型驴奶农场数量的增加导致人们对研究可靠和安全的植物衍生治疗替代品的兴趣增加。本研究采用水提物蓍草L.（花），苦艾蒿L.（空中部件），半人马拉芬。（花卉），龙胆L.（根茎和根），旋覆花L.（根茎和根）和杂草L.（空中部件），已经过测试体外因为它们对驴线虫具有潜在的杀卵和杀幼虫活性。进行了卵孵化试验（EHA）和幼虫发育试验（LDA）体外研究，并使用概率分析计算 EHA 和 LDA 的中位致死浓度 (LC-50) 值。所有测试的植物提取物在 125 和 1.95 mg/ml 之间的浓度范围内都显示出对强线虫卵和幼虫的强烈驱虫活性，除了C. erythraea，在测试浓度下表现出非常小的影响或根本没有影响。观察到强烈的杀卵效果A.苦艾，LC-50 值为 0.486 mg/ml（95% 置信区间 (CI) 0.21–1.09）。龙胆对圆线虫幼虫显示出高效，LC-50 值为 0.041 mg/ml (95% CI 0.01–0.16)。最重要的（磷< 0.01) 驱虫活性由一、氦, EHA 的 LC-50 值为 0.041 mg/ml (95% CI 0.01–0.16)，LDA 的 LC-50 值为 0.41 mg/ml (95% CI 0.27–0.62)。结果证明了所测试植物提取物的驱虫功效，突出了进一步研究植物生物活性分子的必要性体外和体内.