The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.

中文翻译：

---

微生物与健康和疾病免疫力之间的相互作用。

共生微生物群与哺乳动物免疫系统发育和功能之间的相互作用包括体内稳态和疾病的多重相互作用。微生物组在宿主的先天性和适应性免疫系统主要组成部分的训练和发展中起着关键作用，而免疫系统则负责协调宿主微生物共生关键特征的维持。在遗传易感宿主中，据信在确定的环境条件下微生物与免疫的相互作用失衡是多种免疫介导疾病的发病机理。在这里，我们回顾了微生物免疫相互作用的特征及其在健康和疾病中的作用，同时提供了在肠道和肠外器官中协调这些相互作用的分子机制的实例。