In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case–control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Animal, cross‐sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case–control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin‐contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case–control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case–control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose‐dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in‐depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence‐based public health strategies.

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霉菌毒素暴露与人类癌症风险：流行病学研究的系统评价

近年来，人们对研究霉菌毒素对人类的致癌性越来越感兴趣。本系统评价旨在提供将暴露于不同真菌毒素与人类癌症风险联系起来的数据概览。在 PubMed 和 EMBASE 中确定了病例对照或纵向队列研究的出版物（2019 年及更早）。这些文章随后由独立评审员进行筛选，并根据纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表对其质量进行评估。动物、横断面和分子研究满足排除标准。总共包括 14 篇文章：13 篇病例对照研究和 1 篇纵向队列研究。包括的文章侧重于霉菌毒素暴露与原发性肝癌、乳腺癌和宫颈癌的关联。全面的，已证实食用受黄曲霉毒素污染的食物与原发性肝癌风险之间存在正相关关系。非洲的两项病例对照研究调查了玉米赤霉烯酮及其代谢物与乳腺癌风险之间的关系，但报告的结果相互矛盾。两项病例对照研究调查了肝细胞癌与伏马菌素 B1 暴露之间的关联，但未观察到显着关联。与 IARC 专论的结论一致，本系统评价纳入了黄曲霉毒素与肝癌风险之间剂量依赖性关联的几个明确观察结果。只有少数人类流行病学研究调查了霉菌毒素暴露与癌症风险之间的关联。为了缩小这一差距，需要进行更深入的研究来揭示其他常见真菌毒素的证据，