Arctic ecosystems are altered profoundly by climate changes. However, the responses of Arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as their biodiversity to global warming remain largely unknown. This article provides comprehensive insights into the results and major findings from the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project – an Arctic region research program initiated in Japan, which aims to address and advance our understanding of these uncertainties. Marine ecosystem studies have identified several biogeochemical processes that are associated with sea ice decline and northward transport and shift of marine species across multiple trophic levels over the Bering and Chukchi Sea shelves. Studies of the terrestrial ecosystem have identified factors that are important for the understanding of terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems, including Arctic lakes, under the presence of global warming. Novel fungal species from the Arctic terrestrial ecosystem have also been isolated and described. Overall, these results could contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of the Arctic ecosystem services.

气候变化极大地改变了北极生态系统。但是，北极海洋和陆地生态系统及其生物多样性对全球变暖的反应仍知之甚少。本文提供了对北极可持续性挑战（ArCS）项目的结果和主要发现的全面见解-该项目是日本发起的一项北极地区研究计划，旨在解决和增进我们对这些不确定性的理解。海洋生态系统研究已经确定了几种生物地球化学过程，这些过程与海冰下降，北向运输以及白令海峡和楚科奇海陆架上多个营养级的海洋物种转移有关。对陆地生态系统的研究已经确定了对于理解陆地生物多样性和生态系统至关重要的因素，全球变暖的影响下，包括北极湖。来自北极陆地生态系统的新型真菌物种也已被分离和描述。总体而言，这些结果可能有助于北极生态系统服务的保护和可持续管理。