Emission intensities from beef production vary both among production systems (countries) and farms within a country depending upon use of natural resources and management practices. A whole-farm model developed for Norwegian suckler cow herds, HolosNorBeef, was used to estimate GHG emissions from 27 commercial beef farms in Norway with Angus, Hereford, and Charolais cattle. HolosNorBeef considers direct emissions of methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from on-farm livestock production and indirect N₂O and CO₂ emissions associated with inputs used on the farm. The corresponding soil carbon (C) emissions are estimated using the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM). The farms were distributed across Norway with varying climate and natural resource bases. The estimated emission intensities ranged from 22.5 to 45.2 kg CO₂ equivalents (eq) (kg carcass)⁻¹. Enteric CH₄ was the largest source, accounting for 44% of the total GHG emissions on average, dependent on dry matter intake (DMI). Soil C was the largest source of variation between individual farms and accounted for 6% of the emissions on average. Variation in GHG intensity among farms was reduced and farms within region East, Mid and North re-ranked in terms of emission intensities when soil C was excluded. Ignoring soil C, estimated emission intensities ranged from 21.5 to 34.1 kg CO₂ eq (kg carcass)⁻¹. High C loss from farms with high initial soil organic carbon (SOC) content warrants further examination of the C balance of permanent grasslands as a potential mitigation option for beef production systems.

牛肉生产的排放强度在一个国家的生产系统（国家）和农场之间都不同，这取决于自然资源的使用和管理规范。为挪威的奶牛群开发的全农场模型HolosNorBeef被用于估算挪威的27个商业牛肉农场的温室气体排放量，其中包括安格斯，赫里福德和夏洛来牛。HolosNorBeef考虑从农场畜牧生产中直接排放甲烷（CH ₄），一氧化二氮（N ₂ O）和二氧化碳（CO ₂），以及间接排放N ₂ O和CO ₂与农场使用的投入物相关的排放。相应的土壤碳（C）排放量使用入门碳平衡模型（ICBM）估算。这些农场分布在挪威各地，气候和自然资源基础各异。估计的排放强度为22.5至45.2 kg CO ₂当量（eq）（kg car体）^-1。肠溶CH ₄是最大的排放源，平均占温室气体总排放量的44％，具体取决于干物质摄入量（DMI）。土壤C是各个农场之间最大的变异源，平均占排放量的6％。排除土壤碳后，各农场之间温室气体强度的变化减少，东部，中部和北部地区的农场的排放强度重新排名。忽略土壤C，估计的排放强度范围为21.5至34.1 kg CO ₂当量（kg cas体）^-1。初始土壤有机碳含量高的农场的高碳损失值得进一步研究永久性草地的碳平衡，将其作为缓解牛肉生产系统的潜在选择。