Abstract The rise in high protein common wheat in humid Mediterranean areas has determined a need to compare specific and effective nitrogen (N) fertilisation protocols in order to increase their end-use value. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on grain yield and protein content (GPC), gluten fraction composition, and rheological traits. Different applications and types of fertiliser (soil applied ammonium nitrate, soil applied urea, foliar applied urea and a foliar applied commercial fertiliser) were distributed at the same rate (30 kg N ha−1) in a field experiment in NW Italy, during three growing seasons. A control without any late-season N fertilisation was also considered. All the treatments received 130 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (AN), which was split between tillering and the beginning of the stem elongation growth stages. None of the compared late-season N fertilisations significantly affected canopy greenness and stay green duration during the grain filling period, or the grain yield, test weight, and thousand kernel weight, although the foliar application significantly increased foliage burning (+9.8%). The late application of N consistently increased GPC (+1.1%) and dough strength (W, +21%) in the different growing seasons. The type of fertilisation strategies clearly affected the gluten content and rheological parameters: AN was more effective than urea as a soil top-dressed applied fertiliser in increasing W (+10%), as a result of a higher rise in the GPC content (+0.5%) and extensibility (L, +11%). The foliar application at anthesis, at the same N rate, led to a comparable GPC and W with those of the soil top-dressed granular fertiliser. Only a weak effect of granular urea on y/x type HMW was observed for the gluten composition. Conversely, a notable influence of year was observed (i.e. GS/Glia and y/x type HMW), which in turn resulted in a significant impact on W and P and on the aggregation time and aggregation energy. This study offers a further contribution to the improvement of specific N fertilisation strategies in order to enhance the wheat quality according to its end-use value.

中文翻译：

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晚季施氮策略对潮湿地中海条件下生长的高蛋白小麦面筋含量和组成的影响

摘要 地中海湿润地区高蛋白普通小麦的增加决定了需要比较特定和有效的氮 (N) 施肥方案，以提高其最终使用价值。这项工作的目的是评估晚季施氮策略对谷物产量和蛋白质含量 (GPC)、麸质成分组成和流变学特性的影响。在意大利西北部的田间试验中，不同施用和类型的肥料（土壤施用硝酸铵、土壤施用尿素、叶面施用尿素和叶面施用商业肥料）以相同的比率（30 kg N ha-1）分配，在三个生长季节。还考虑了没有任何晚季施氮的对照。所有处理都接受 130 kg N ha-1 作为硝酸铵 (AN)，它分为分蘖和茎伸长生长阶段的开始。尽管叶面喷施显着增加了叶片燃烧 (+9.8%)，但比较晚季施氮肥均未显着影响灌浆期的冠层绿度和保持绿色持续时间，或谷物产量、测试重量和千粒重。在不同的生长季节，晚施氮持续增加 GPC (+1.1%) 和面团强度 (W, +21%)。施肥策略的类型显然会影响面筋含量和流变参数：由于 GPC 含量的升高（+10%），AN 作为土壤追施肥料比尿素更有效（+10%） 0.5%) 和延展性 (L, +11%)。开花期叶面喷施，施氮量相同，导致 GPC 和 W 与土壤追肥颗粒肥料的 GPC 和 W 相当。对于面筋组成，仅观察到颗粒状尿素对 y/x 型 HMW 的微弱影响。相反，观察到显着的年份影响（即 GS/Glia 和 y/x 型 HMW），这反过来又对 W 和 P 以及聚集时间和聚集能量产生显着影响。本研究为改进特定的施氮策略以根据其最终用途价值提高小麦质量提供了进一步的贡献。这反过来又对 W 和 P 以及聚集时间和聚集能量产生了显着影响。本研究为改进特定的施氮策略以根据其最终用途价值提高小麦质量提供了进一步的贡献。这反过来又对 W 和 P 以及聚集时间和聚集能量产生了显着影响。本研究为改进特定的施氮策略以根据其最终用途价值提高小麦质量提供了进一步的贡献。