A growing number of studies make claims about canine sociability in both applied and basic contexts. Yet, there is currently no standard for measuring sociability in dogs. The purpose of this two-part study was to determine whether procedural differences among canine sociability tests would affect dogs' behavior. In Experiment 1, we used a mixed-subjects design to assess whether experimenter position (standing, sitting, or kneeling) and presence of affection (petting and praise or none) affected leashed dogs' social behavior. Mixed-effect logistic regression modeling showed statistically significant main effects and interactions between posture and social contact. On average, dogs were more social when the experimenter knelt and provided social contact. However, there were individual differences in how dogs were affected by changes in procedure. In Experiment 2, we examined correspondence between leashed and unleashed dogs' social behaviors including time in proximity, following patterns, eye gaze, body orientation, jumping, and touching. Individual differences were examined by calculating a binomial mixed-effect logistic regression with condition (leashed, off-leash, following) and subject ID as fixed effects. Interactions were statistically significant for all behaviors, indicating that individual differences were present. The results have implications for the validity of sociability tests.

中文翻译：

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轻微的程序变化会影响社交评估期间的犬类行为

越来越多的研究声称在应用和基本环境中犬的社交能力。然而，目前还没有衡量狗的社交能力的标准。这项由两部分组成的研究的目的是确定犬类社交能力测试之间的程序差异是否会影响狗的行为。在实验 1 中，我们使用混合受试者设计来评估实验者的姿势（站立、坐着或跪下）和情感的存在（抚摸和赞美或没有）是否影响了拴狗的社交行为。混合效应逻辑回归模型显示出统计学上显着的主效应和姿势和社会接触之间的相互作用。平均而言，当实验者跪下并提供社交接触时，狗会更加社交。然而，程序变化对狗的影响存在个体差异。在实验 2 中，我们检查了拴狗和不拴狗的社会行为之间的对应关系，包括接近时间、跟随模式、眼睛注视、身体方向、跳跃和触摸。通过以条件（牵引、脱离牵引、跟随）和受试者 ID 作为固定效应计算二项式混合效应逻辑回归来检查个体差异。所有行为的相互作用在统计上都是显着的，表明存在个体差异。结果对社交性测试的有效性有影响。通过以条件（牵引、脱离牵引、跟随）和受试者 ID 作为固定效应计算二项式混合效应逻辑回归来检查个体差异。所有行为的相互作用在统计上都是显着的，表明存在个体差异。结果对社交性测试的有效性有影响。通过以条件（牵引、脱离牵引、跟随）和受试者 ID 作为固定效应计算二项式混合效应逻辑回归来检查个体差异。所有行为的相互作用在统计上都是显着的，表明存在个体差异。结果对社交性测试的有效性有影响。