Parameres are male genital structures found in many insects which are often used as clasping devices to exert dominance in copula. The asopines have evolved a remarkable additional pair of similar structures, often denominated processes, which combines with the parameres in a tweezers-like system. Processes in similar positions have also been found in other subfamilies of Pentatomidae, but smaller and less developed. Using scanning electron microscopy, we document the among-species variability found in the clasping structures in asopines. We first revealed a vast diversity of ornamentations, such as sensilla and microsculpture. When present, these ornamentations are invariably found on both, the parameres and processes, and often on the corresponding female parts, the valvifers VIII, indicating a functional role of attachment and sensory perception in copula for the ornamentations. We also show that the processes are drastically different between the Asopinae and non-asopines. Therefore, we suggest the term "pseudoclasper" for the Asopinae processes and "superior process of dorsal rim" for the remaining examined taxa. The pseudoclaspers are directly connected to and attached in the same place as the parameres in asopines, while the superior processes of dorsal rim and parameres are completely disconnected in other pentatomids. These results indicate a non-homologous origin between pseudoclaspers and superior processes of dorsal rim in Pentatomidae.

中文翻译：

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捕食性臭虫（半翅目：翅目科：天蛾科）中扣合结构的比较形态：洞察它们的功能和进化。

帕拉米尔是在许多昆虫中发现的雄性生殖器结构，通常被用作扣紧装置以在copula中发挥主导作用。松果体已经进化出一对非常显着的相似结构，通常被称为过程，并与镊子状系统中的准分子组合在一起。在Pentatomidae的其他亚科中也发现了处于类似位置的过程，但是它们的体积较小且发育较差。使用扫描电子显微镜，我们记录了在松果碱的扣环结构中发现的种间变异性。我们首先发现了各种各样的装饰物，例如感官和微雕。如果存在的话，这些装饰物总是出现在准伞和工艺上，并且经常出现在相应的雌性部分，valvifers VIII，表示在装饰物的系膜中附着和感觉知觉的功能性作用。我们还表明，Asopinee和非Asopine之间的过程完全不同。因此，对于其余的被检类群，我们建议将术语“假装缝器”用于Asopinae过程，而将术语“背缘的上层过程”。假拍子与阿索品中的准分子直接连接并连接在同一位置，而其他五倍体动物的背缘和准分子的上突完全断开。这些结果表明，在Pentatomidae的伪claspers和背缘的上突之间的非同源起源。我们建议对其余的分类群使用Asopinae过程使用“ pseudoclasper”术语，而对背缘进行“高级过程”。假拍子与阿索品中的准分子直接连接并连接在同一位置，而其他五倍体动物的背缘和准分子的上突完全断开。这些结果表明，在Pentatomidae的伪claspers和背缘的上突之间的非同源起源。我们建议对其余的分类群使用Asopinae过程使用“ pseudoclasper”术语，而对背缘进行“上级过程”。假拍子与阿索品中的准分子直接连接并连接在同一位置，而在其他五倍体动物中，背缘和准分子的上等突起完全断开。这些结果表明，在Pentatomidae的伪claspers和背缘的上突之间的非同源起源。