The consequences of human influence can arise in vertebrates as primary, secondary, or even tertiary stressors and may be especially detrimental for slow growing species with long generation times (i.e., K-selected species). Here, we review the impacts of both direct and indirect human interactions on the reproductive biology of elasmobranchs. Within direct human influence, capture-induced stress from fisheries bycatch and poor coastal management practices leading to habitat destruction and pollution are among the most impactful on elasmobranch reproduction. Capture-induced stress has been shown to negatively influence offspring and reproductive capacity via capture-induced parturition as well as by disrupting the reproductive physiology of adults. Habitat degradation impacts essential ecosystems that are necessary for the development of young elasmobranchs. Pollutants such as heavy metals, legacy pesticides, and flame retardants have been traced through elasmobranch reproduction; however, the long-term effects of these exogenous chemicals are yet to be determined. Furthermore, within indirect human impacts, climate change-mediated influences (e.g., ocean warming and acidification) can impact development, physiological processes, and behavioral patterns necessary for essential tasks such as foraging, growth, reproduction, and ultimately survival. Here, we also present a case study, where data regarding temperature and incubation time from 28 egg-laying elasmobranch species were examined to show relevance of such data in predicting how suitable (e.g., via maximum threshold temperatures) habitats will be for skate and shark development in the coming century. Concomitantly, this information highlights areas for future research that will help inform better management as well as climate change forecasting for this threatened group of aquatic vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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人为压力因素影响硬鳃鱼类的繁殖和发育

人类影响的后果可以在脊椎动物中作为初级、次级甚至三级压力源出现，并且可能对世代时间长的生长缓慢的物种（即 K 选择物种）尤其有害。在这里，我们回顾了直接和间接人类互动对弹鳃类生殖生物学的影响。在人类的直接影响下，渔业兼捕引起的压力和导致栖息地破坏和污染的沿海管理不善是对弹鳃类繁殖影响最大的因素之一。捕获诱导的压力已被证明会通过捕获诱导的分娩以及破坏成年人的生殖生理对后代和生殖能力产生负面影响。栖息地退化会影响幼小棘皮动物发育所必需的基本生态系统。重金属、遗留杀虫剂和阻燃剂等污染物已通过弹鳃繁殖进行追踪；然而，这些外源性化学物质的长期影响尚待确定。此外，在人类的间接影响中，气候变化介导的影响（例如海洋变暖和酸化）会影响觅食、生长、繁殖和最终生存等基本任务所必需的发育、生理过程和行为模式。在这里，我们还提供了一个案例研究，其中检查了来自 28 种产卵的硬鳃物种的温度和孵化时间的数据，以显示这些数据在预测适合程度方面的相关性（例如，通过最高阈值温度）栖息地将在下个世纪用于滑冰和鲨鱼的发展。同时，这些信息突出了未来研究的领域，这些领域将有助于为这一受威胁的水生脊椎动物群提供更好的管理和气候变化预测。