Coping styles describe behavioral differences during stressful or challenging situations. Coping styles are stable over time but little is known about early life manifestation and development of these behavioral differences. We aimed to investigate if differences in the way marmosets produce vocalizations at an early age are related to their coping style in the future. We studied 14 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) from three social groups housed at the marmoset colony at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. We recorded the vocalizations of each marmoset in isolation at 15–17 days of age, analyzing latency to vocalize and calling rate of phee and tsik calls. To measure coping style, we introduced a novel stimulus to the group cages when infants were 3 months old and recorded exploration, headcocking, and approaches to the stimulus. The results showed negative relationships between the latency of phee call (a long-range contact call) at 15–17 days and frequency of exploration and approach to the novel stimulus at 3 months, although both correlations fall above the cut-off points for the false discovery rate. Marmosets that gave long-range calls sooner at 15–17 days of age also showed more exploratory behaviors at 3 months. The results also showed group differences in exploration at 3 months, and twins were more similar to each other than to other infants in the sample. There were no group differences in early vocalizations and no sex differences in any variable. These findings suggest that coping style is stable from as early as 15–17 days after birth and suggest that the group can influence exploration in marmosets.

中文翻译：

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普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）的应对方式和早期生活发声

应对方式描述了在压力或具有挑战性的情况下的行为差异。随着时间的推移，应对方式是稳定的，但人们对这些行为差异的早期表现和发展知之甚少。我们旨在调查狨猴在幼年发声方式的差异是否与它们未来的应对方式有关。我们研究了来自马德里自治大学狨猴群落的三个社会群体的 14 只普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）。我们在 15-17 日龄时单独记录了每只狨猴的发声，分析了发声潜伏期以及 phee 和 tsik 呼叫的呼叫率。为了衡量应对方式，我们在婴儿 3 个月大时向群笼中引入了一种新颖的刺激，并记录了探索、抬起头和接近刺激的方法。结果显示 15-17 天的 phee 呼叫（远程接触呼叫）的延迟与 3 个月时探索和接近新刺激的频率之间呈负相关，尽管这两种相关性都低于错误发现率。在 15-17 天大时更早发出长途电话的狨猴也在 3 个月大时表现出更多的探索性行为。结果还显示了 3 个月时探索的组别差异，与样本中的其他婴儿相比，双胞胎彼此之间的相似度更高。早期发声没有群体差异，任何变量也没有性别差异。这些发现表明，早在出生后 15-17 天，应对方式就很稳定，并表明该群体可以影响狨猴的探索。