The determination and monitoring of deformations that may occur in the benches of dump sites of open-pit mines are important for both security and continuity of mine production. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most preferred method for deformation monitoring at dump sites. While the amount of deformation (3D displacements) can be determined at the points monitored by the GNSS method, interpretations on the cause and/or areal size of the deformation may remain limited. The main factors or triggering causes of slope failures at dump sites are base topography, geometric dimensions (width, height, and slope) of the formed benches, stiffness ratio of the dumped material, and load increases caused by new dumps in the lower benches. In this study, UAV photogrammetry and GNSS were used together, and the deformations at the adjacent dump site of three different open-pit marble mines located in Eliktekke region of Amasya province in Turkey were monitored. The GNSS method determined the points where displacements occurred, and the UAV photogrammetry searched for the causes of mobility at the point and its areal and volumetric sizes. The UAV photogrammetric results revealed that the topographic slope and overall slope inclination triggered the movement of the zones. Field measurements and evaluations made for this dump site showed that the current geometry should be kept where the overall slope inclination reaches 14° and not to be increased further. The results support that the GNSS method assisted with UAV photogrammetry is a rapid and economical method to determine both the borders and volumetric sizes deformations as their causing parameters. Through the proposed methodology, it will be possible to effectively determine the main factors causing slope failures in similar areas and to take the necessary measures on time.

中文翻译：

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使用GNSS方法结合无人机摄影测量技术，监测和确定土耳其阿马西亚省Eliktekke地区三个露天大理石矿场的倾倒场变形

确定和监测露天矿场倾倒场中可能发生的变形对矿山生产的安全性和连续性都至关重要。全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）是倾倒场变形监测的最优选方法。尽管可以在由GNSS方法监视的点确定变形量（3D位移），但对变形原因和/或面积的解释可能仍然有限。倾倒场的边坡破坏的主要因素或触发原因是基础地形，成形工作台的几何尺寸（宽度，高度和坡度），倾倒物料的刚度比以及较低工作台上新倾倒引起的载荷增加。在这项研究中，无人机摄影测量和GNSS一起使用，并监测了位于土耳其阿马西亚省Eliktekke地区的三个不同的露天大理石矿在相邻垃圾场的变形。GNSS方法确定了发生位移的点，UAV摄影测量法搜索了该点移动的原因及其面积和体积大小。UAV摄影测量结果表明，地形坡度和整体坡度触发了区域的运动。针对该垃圾场的现场测量和评估表明，应保持当前的几何形状，使其整体坡度达到14°，并且不要进一步增加。结果表明，采用无人机摄影测量的GNSS方法是一种快速，经济的方法，可将边界和体积尺寸变形确定为引起变形的参数。通过提出的方法，将有可能有效地确定造成类似地区斜坡破坏的主要因素，并及时采取必要的措施。