In this article, I develop a formal model of free will for complex systems based on emergent properties and adaptive selection. The model is based on a process ontology in which a free choice is a singular process that takes a system from one macrostate to another. I quantify the model by introducing a formal measure of the ‘freedom’ of a singular choice. The ‘free will’ of a system, then, is emergent from the aggregate freedom of the choice processes carried out by the system. The focus in this model is on the actual choices themselves viewed in the context of processes. That is, the nature of the system making the choices is not considered. Nevertheless, my model does not necessarily conflict with models that are based on internal properties of the system. Rather it takes a behavioral approach by focusing on the externalities of the choice process.

中文翻译：

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复杂系统中自适应自由选择的正式模型

在本文中，我为基于涌现属性和自适应选择的复杂系统开发了一个正式的自由意志模型。该模型基于过程本体，其中自由选择是将系统从一个宏观状态带到另一个宏观状态的单一过程。我通过引入对单一选择的“自由”的正式度量来量化模型。因此，系统的“自由意志”是从系统执行的选择过程的总体自由中产生的。该模型的重点是在流程上下文中查看的实际选择本身。也就是说，没有考虑做出选择的系统的性质。尽管如此，我的模型不一定与基于系统内部属性的模型相冲突。