Explosive radiations—substantial increases in net species diversification—have been considered one of the most intriguing diversification patterns across the Tree of Life, but the subsequent change, movement, and extinction of the constituent lineages make radiations hard to discern or understand as geological time passes. We used the megadiverse angiosperm genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae), with ca. 1200 currently accepted species distributed worldwide in a wide array of habitats, to explore these patterns on a global scale. We synthesized phylogenetic and distributional data for this ongoing radiation to show how dispersal events and past climatic changes have interacted to shape diversification. We find that, despite the vast diversity of Solanum lineages in the Neotropics, lineages in the Old World are diversifying more rapidly. This recent increase in diversification coincides with a long‐distance dispersal event from the Neotropics to regions where major climatic changes were taking place. Two separate groups of Solanum have migrated and established in Australia, but only the arid‐adapted lineages underwent significant increases in diversification rate, as they were able to adapt to the continent's long‐term climatic trend towards seasonally dry and arid biomes (a pattern observed in the diversification of other arid‐adapted groups). Our findings provide a clear example of how successful colonization of new areas and niches can—but does not always—drive explosive diversifications.

中文翻译：

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大型植物茄属（茄科）多样化的动力和环境依赖性

爆炸性辐射——净物种多样化的大幅增加——被认为是整个生命之树最有趣的多样化模式之一，但随着地质时间的推移，随后的变化、移动和灭绝使得辐射难以辨别或理解. 我们使用了巨大的被子植物属 Solanum L.（茄科），大约有。1200 个目前公认的物种分布在世界各地的各种栖息地，以在全球范围内探索这些模式。我们合成了这种持续辐射的系统发育和分布数据，以显示扩散事件和过去的气候变化如何相互作用以形成多样化。我们发现，尽管新热带地区的 Solanum 谱系具有巨大的多样性，但旧世界的谱系正在更加迅速地多样化。最近多样化的增加与从新热带到发生重大气候变化的地区的长距离扩散事件相吻合。两个独立的 Solanum 群体在澳大利亚迁徙并建立，但只有适应干旱的谱系的多样化率显着增加，因为它们能够适应大陆向季节性干旱和干旱生物群落的长期气候趋势（观察到的模式）在其他干旱适应群体的多样化中）。我们的发现提供了一个清晰的例子，说明新区域和生态位的成功殖民如何能够——但并不总是——推动爆炸性的多样化。两个独立的 Solanum 群体在澳大利亚迁徙并建立，但只有适应干旱的谱系的多样化率显着增加，因为它们能够适应该大陆季节性干旱和干旱生物群落的长期气候趋势（观察到的模式）在其他干旱适应群体的多样化中）。我们的发现提供了一个清晰的例子，说明新区域和生态位的成功殖民如何能够——但并不总是——推动爆炸性的多样化。两个独立的 Solanum 群体在澳大利亚迁徙并建立，但只有适应干旱的谱系的多样化率显着增加，因为它们能够适应大陆向季节性干旱和干旱生物群落的长期气候趋势（观察到的模式）在其他干旱适应群体的多样化中）。我们的发现提供了一个清晰的例子，说明新区域和生态位的成功殖民如何能够——但并不总是——推动爆炸性的多样化。